Hybrid zones may serve as natural laboratories for evolutionary studies. One common viewpoint is that hybrids may always be less fit than their parents due to genetic discontinuities. An alternative idea is that genotype-environment interactions influence the outcome of natural hybridization. Our comparative study of two different natural hybrid zones between the invasive diploid Rorippa austriaca and the native polyploid R. sylvestris in Germany identified the ploidy level as a major determinant of hybrid fitness. Different ploidy levels and patterns of fitness were detected in different hybrid zones. In one hybrid zone (M眉lheim, Ruhr valley) hybrids were pentaploid and showed a relatively high seed set, whereas in the second hybrid zone (Randersacker, Main valley) hybrids were triploid and displayed extremely low fitness values. Analyses of fitness values in different natural hybrid zones between the same two species may lead to very different conclusions about the evolutionary significance of natural hybridization.

用油菜与菜进行了远缘杂交。以甘蓝型油菜为母本时，直接去雄授粉的有两个花序结实，共收获种子39粒，其F1有较大的分离。以菜为母本时，仅子房膨大，角果生长中途停止，但一直未枯死。试验结果表明油菜与菜的远缘杂交有一定的亲和性。

用油菜与菜进行了远缘杂交。以甘蓝型油菜为母本时，直接去雄授粉的有两个花序结实，共收获种子39粒，其F1有较大的分离。以菜为母本时，仅子房膨大，角果生长中途停止，但一直未枯死。试验结果表明油菜与菜的远缘杂交有一定的亲和性。

本项研究重点是要探讨通过油菜与蔊菜远缘杂交,将蔊菜的某些优良 性状转移到栽培油菜中的可行性.结果表明甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜进行远缘杂交有较好的亲和性.而且其杂交后代变异明显,出现了许多碎叶型植株和一些类似白菜型的 植株,杂交后代对菌核病有较强的抗性,有许多具有优势的单株.油菜与蔊菜进行远缘杂交对于创新油菜种质资源,培育高产、高抗油菜新品种具有重要意义.

本项研究重点是要探讨通过油菜与蔊菜远缘杂交,将蔊菜的某些优良 性状转移到栽培油菜中的可行性.结果表明甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜进行远缘杂交有较好的亲和性.而且其杂交后代变异明显,出现了许多碎叶型植株和一些类似白菜型的 植株,杂交后代对菌核病有较强的抗性,有许多具有优势的单株.油菜与蔊菜进行远缘杂交对于创新油菜种质资源,培育高产、高抗油菜新品种具有重要意义.

蔊菜(Rorippa indica(L.)Hiern))和无瓣蔊菜(R.dubia(Pers.Hara)是两个形态相似的近缘种,还是同一种植物的不同变异式样,分类学家历来有不同看法。本文通过不同生境的7个自然群体取样和2个人工控制的栽培群体栽种,以群体为单位,分别测算花蕾中花瓣数和果实内种子列数;对具代表性不同生境的群体取花粉粒进行电镜扫描。结论是:蔊菜和无瓣蔊菜可能是同一种植物的不同变异式样,作为同一种植物来对待也许是合适的。

蔊菜(Rorippa indica(L.)Hiern))和无瓣蔊菜(R.dubia(Pers.Hara)是两个形态相似的近缘种,还是同一种植物的不同变异式样,分类学家历来有不同看法。本文通过不同生境的7个自然群体取样和2个人工控制的栽培群体栽种,以群体为单位,分别测算花蕾中花瓣数和果实内种子列数;对具代表性不同生境的群体取花粉粒进行电镜扫描。结论是:蔊菜和无瓣蔊菜可能是同一种植物的不同变异式样,作为同一种植物来对待也许是合适的。

Rorippa palustris is an autogamous short-lived polycarpic herb capable of sprouting from roots. It prefers open wet habitats, such as pond and river shores or emergent pond bottoms. Recently it has expanded into disturbed fertile wetlands. This article reviews the taxonomic status and morphology, the distribution, ecology, life cycle, population biology and genetics of this species.

水生植物是一类以草本植物为主、与水紧密相关的生态类群,大多数具有克隆性。面对水环境的变化,水生植物在形态、行为和生理上表现出多样化的表型可塑性,对异质生境具有很强的适应能力。表型可塑性研究已在陆生植物的多个类群展开,然而目前对异质生境下水生植物的生态适应对策,尤其是表型可塑性的研究尚重视不够。本文在阐明克隆植物表型可塑性主要实现方式及其关系、水生环境异质性及其特点的基础上,重点从形态可塑性、觅食行为、克隆整合、克隆分工和风险分摊等5个方面讨论了水生植物如何通过表型可塑性适应异质性水生环境。在今后的水生植物表型可塑性研究中,建议着重探讨以下问题:(1)表型可塑性的变化规律及机理;(2)克隆整合对群落和生态系统的影响;(3)克隆整合与克隆片段化的权衡;(4)不同克隆构型的表型可塑性及其内在机制;(5)表型可塑性的适应性进化;(6)水生植物与其他类群/营养级物种的关系;(7)水生生态系统对全球变化的响应。

水生植物是一类以草本植物为主、与水紧密相关的生态类群,大多数具有克隆性。面对水环境的变化,水生植物在形态、行为和生理上表现出多样化的表型可塑性,对异质生境具有很强的适应能力。表型可塑性研究已在陆生植物的多个类群展开,然而目前对异质生境下水生植物的生态适应对策,尤其是表型可塑性的研究尚重视不够。本文在阐明克隆植物表型可塑性主要实现方式及其关系、水生环境异质性及其特点的基础上,重点从形态可塑性、觅食行为、克隆整合、克隆分工和风险分摊等5个方面讨论了水生植物如何通过表型可塑性适应异质性水生环境。在今后的水生植物表型可塑性研究中,建议着重探讨以下问题:(1)表型可塑性的变化规律及机理;(2)克隆整合对群落和生态系统的影响;(3)克隆整合与克隆片段化的权衡;(4)不同克隆构型的表型可塑性及其内在机制;(5)表型可塑性的适应性进化;(6)水生植物与其他类群/营养级物种的关系;(7)水生生态系统对全球变化的响应。

The frequency of polyploidy increases with latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in deglaciated, recently colonized areas. The cause or causes of this pattern are largely unknown, but a greater genetic diversity of individual polyploid plants due to a doubled genome and/or a hybrid origin is seen as a likely factor underlying selective advantages related to life in extreme climates and/or colonization ability. A history of colonization in itself, as well as a recent origin, and possibly a limited number of polyploidization events would all predict less genetic diversity in polyploids than in diploids. The null hypothesis of higher gene diversity in polyploids has to date hardly been quantified and is here tested in self-incompatible Rorippa amphibia (Brassicaceae). The species occurs in diploid and tetraploid forms and displays clear geographical polyploidy in Europe. On the basis of eight microsatellite loci it can be concluded that the level of gene diversity is higher in tetraploids than in diploids, to an extent that is expected under neutral evolution when taking into account the larger effective population size in the doubled cytotype. There is thus no evidence for reduced genetic diversity in the tetraploids. The evidence presented here may mean that the tetraploids' origin is not recent, has not been affected by bottlenecks and/or that tetraploids were formed multiple times while an effect of introgression may also play a role.

本文通过石蜡切片对Ｈａｉ菜属的叶片进行了解剖观察，结果表明Ｈａｉ菜属叶片中柱鞘纤维的分布可分为两种类型，成束或分散存在，在由湿生→旱生的演化过程中，中柱鞘纤维表现为由分散存在→成束分布的规律，叶片横切面的各指标可以为种的识别提供分类依据。

本文通过石蜡切片对Ｈａｉ菜属的叶片进行了解剖观察，结果表明Ｈａｉ菜属叶片中柱鞘纤维的分布可分为两种类型，成束或分散存在，在由湿生→旱生的演化过程中，中柱鞘纤维表现为由分散存在→成束分布的规律，叶片横切面的各指标可以为种的识别提供分类依据。

对山东菜属植物的种子,从大小、翅、颜色和种子微形态等方面进行了研究;结果表明该属的种子为卵形或近圆形,呈扁平状;种子表面纹饰为网状或乳突状。与近缘属种子形态的研究表明,菜属和豆瓣菜属亲缘关系较近。因种子的形态特点比较稳定,所以菜属的种子特点可以为其分类、生药鉴定以及演化提供种子形态学方面的证据。

对山东菜属植物的种子,从大小、翅、颜色和种子微形态等方面进行了研究;结果表明该属的种子为卵形或近圆形,呈扁平状;种子表面纹饰为网状或乳突状。与近缘属种子形态的研究表明,菜属和豆瓣菜属亲缘关系较近。因种子的形态特点比较稳定,所以菜属的种子特点可以为其分类、生药鉴定以及演化提供种子形态学方面的证据。

用光镜和扫描电镜研究Ｈａｎ菜属叶表皮，结果表明该属植物叶表皮气气类型多为不等型，少数为无规则型；上下表皮都有气孔随机分布，下表皮细胞壁比上表皮细胞壁弯曲程度大，上下表皮角质层具条纹纹饰；气孔指标可作为种的分数依据。Ｈａｎ菜属与近缘属叶表皮特征比较发现，豆瓣菜属的气孔类型为较进化的四细胞型，碎米荠属在叶表皮特征方面与Ｈａｎ菜属相近。

用光镜和扫描电镜研究Ｈａｎ菜属叶表皮，结果表明该属植物叶表皮气气类型多为不等型，少数为无规则型；上下表皮都有气孔随机分布，下表皮细胞壁比上表皮细胞壁弯曲程度大，上下表皮角质层具条纹纹饰；气孔指标可作为种的分数依据。Ｈａｎ菜属与近缘属叶表皮特征比较发现，豆瓣菜属的气孔类型为较进化的四细胞型，碎米荠属在叶表皮特征方面与Ｈａｎ菜属相近。

A mathematical model for the evolutionary change of restriction sites in mitochondrial DNA is developed. Formulas based on this model are presented for estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions between two populations or species. To express the degree of polymorphism in a population at the nucleotide level, a measure called ``nucleotide diversity'' is proposed.

Complete submergence represses photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, causing rapid mortality in most terrestrial plants. However, some plants have evolved traits allowing them to survive prolonged flooding, such as species of the genus Rorippa, close relatives of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We studied plant survival, changes in carbohydrate and metabolite concentrations, and transcriptome responses to submergence of two species, Rorippa sylvestris and Rorippa amphibia. We exploited the close relationship between Rorippa species and the model species Arabidopsis by using Arabidopsis GeneChip microarrays for whole-genome transcript profiling of roots of young plants exposed to a 24-h submergence treatment or air. A probe mask was used based on hybridization of genomic DNA of both species to the arrays, so that weak probe signals due to Rorippa species/Arabidopsis mismatches were removed. Furthermore, we compared Rorippa species microarray results with those obtained for roots of submerged Arabidopsis plants. Both Rorippa species could tolerate deep submergence, with R. sylvestris surviving much longer than R. amphibia. Submergence resulted in the induction of genes involved in glycolysis and fermentation and the repression of many energy-consuming pathways, similar to the low-oxygen and submergence response of Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa). The qualitative responses of both Rorippa species to submergence appeared roughly similar but differed quantitatively. Notably, glycolysis and fermentation genes and a gene encoding sucrose synthase were more strongly induced in the less tolerant R. amphibia than in R. sylvestris. A comparison with Arabidopsis microarray studies on submerged roots revealed some interesting differences and potential tolerance-related genes in Rorippa species.

090004 The river floodplain species Rorippa amphibia , Rorippa sylvestris , and their hybrid Rorippa 0103 anceps were studied here, with the aim of identifying potential species differences with respect to flooding tolerance, and of assessing their expression in F 1 hybrids. 090004 Parents and their F 1 hybrids were subjected to three flooding treatments mimicking natural conditions, and growth-related and leaf morphological traits were compared. 090004 In contrast to R. sylvestris , R. amphibia responded to waterlogging by forming specialized roots, and its growth was not reduced. These traits were dominantly expressed in hybrids. Both species and the hybrids established shoot growth over 2 wk of complete submergence. Only in R. sylvestris was this not at the expense of root biomass, suggesting that R. sylvestris can photosynthesize underwater. Rorippa sylvestris also showed a hyponastic response. Hybrids were intermediate to the parents in this respect. 090004 This study shows that phenotypic expression of parental traits in F 1 hybrids is mostly additive, but can also be dominant. This suggests that a large overlap in habitat use of parents and hybrids is likely. If such an overlap occurs, the main evolutionary consequences of hybridization in Rorippa will be the introgression of genes, as the hybrids are fully fertile.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/41966420

从十字花科植物蔊菜 Rorippa montana(Wall) Small的全草中分得两种结晶,命名为蔊菜素和蔊菜酰胺。其分子式经元素分析和光谱测定,分别定为C_(11)H_(21)NO_2S和 C_(11)H_(23)NO_3S.经红外光谱、核磁共振光谱和质谱推断,并由合成方法证明了它们的结构式分别 为:CH_3SO_2CH_2(CH_2)_7,CH_2CN(rorifone)和CH_3SO_2CH_2(CH_2)_7CONH_2 (rorifamide)。 蔊菜素经100例临床试用(口服:每人200—300毫克/日,连服20天)治疗迁延期慢性支气管炎,显效率为41.9％,总有效率为90.8％,另一组 337例以相同剂量服用30天,显效率54.3％,总有效率88.43％。 蔊菜酰胺药理试验效果不明显,未进行临床验证。

从十字花科植物蔊菜 Rorippa montana(Wall) Small的全草中分得两种结晶,命名为蔊菜素和蔊菜酰胺。其分子式经元素分析和光谱测定,分别定为C_(11)H_(21)NO_2S和 C_(11)H_(23)NO_3S.经红外光谱、核磁共振光谱和质谱推断,并由合成方法证明了它们的结构式分别 为:CH_3SO_2CH_2(CH_2)_7,CH_2CN(rorifone)和CH_3SO_2CH_2(CH_2)_7CONH_2 (rorifamide)。 蔊菜素经100例临床试用(口服:每人200—300毫克/日,连服20天)治疗迁延期慢性支气管炎,显效率为41.9％,总有效率为90.8％,另一组 337例以相同剂量服用30天,显效率54.3％,总有效率88.43％。 蔊菜酰胺药理试验效果不明显,未进行临床验证。

以3个甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种‘中油821’(‘Zhongyou No.821’)、‘中双9号’(‘Zhongshuang No.9’)及‘中油杂2号’(‘Zhongyouza No.2’)为对照,采用离体叶片菌丝块接种法、人工模拟干旱和湿害胁迫处理法对蔊菜[ Rorippa indica (L.) Hiem]的抗菌核病[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary]、抗旱和耐湿特性进行了鉴定.结果表明:菌核病菌接种后,蔊菜幼苗叶片的病斑直径为1.75 cm,极显著小于3个甘蓝型油菜品种的病斑直径(3.25 ～3.60 cm).经干旱胁迫后,3个油菜品种的幼苗严重萎蔫,茎粗、根长以及地上部分、根和全株的鲜质量和干质量均极显著低于对照；蔊菜幼苗轻度萎蔫,仅茎粗和根鲜质量分别极显著和显著低于对照,其他生长指标与对照差异不显著；蔊菜幼苗各生长指标的伤害指数均显著或极显著低于3个油菜品种.经湿害胁迫后,蔊菜和3个油菜品种幼苗的总叶片数和绿叶数较对照明显减少、黄叶数增加,但蔊菜幼苗的黄叶数显著少于3个油菜品种；3个油菜品种幼苗的茎粗、根长以及地上部分、根和全株的鲜质量和干质量总体上显著或极显著低于对照,而蔊菜幼苗仅茎粗、根长和根干质量显著低于对照,其他生长指标与对照差异不显著；蔊菜幼苗的茎粗,根长,地上部分、根和全株的鲜质量以及根和全株的干质量的伤害指数均显著或极显著低于3个油菜品种.研究结果显示:蔊菜对菌核病的抗性及抗旱和耐湿性均强于供试的3个甘蓝型油菜品种,是十字花科(Brassiaceae)中对菌核病抗性强、抗旱耐湿的优质基因源.

以3个甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种‘中油821’(‘Zhongyou No.821’)、‘中双9号’(‘Zhongshuang No.9’)及‘中油杂2号’(‘Zhongyouza No.2’)为对照,采用离体叶片菌丝块接种法、人工模拟干旱和湿害胁迫处理法对蔊菜[ Rorippa indica (L.) Hiem]的抗菌核病[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary]、抗旱和耐湿特性进行了鉴定.结果表明:菌核病菌接种后,蔊菜幼苗叶片的病斑直径为1.75 cm,极显著小于3个甘蓝型油菜品种的病斑直径(3.25 ～3.60 cm).经干旱胁迫后,3个油菜品种的幼苗严重萎蔫,茎粗、根长以及地上部分、根和全株的鲜质量和干质量均极显著低于对照；蔊菜幼苗轻度萎蔫,仅茎粗和根鲜质量分别极显著和显著低于对照,其他生长指标与对照差异不显著；蔊菜幼苗各生长指标的伤害指数均显著或极显著低于3个油菜品种.经湿害胁迫后,蔊菜和3个油菜品种幼苗的总叶片数和绿叶数较对照明显减少、黄叶数增加,但蔊菜幼苗的黄叶数显著少于3个油菜品种；3个油菜品种幼苗的茎粗、根长以及地上部分、根和全株的鲜质量和干质量总体上显著或极显著低于对照,而蔊菜幼苗仅茎粗、根长和根干质量显著低于对照,其他生长指标与对照差异不显著；蔊菜幼苗的茎粗,根长,地上部分、根和全株的鲜质量以及根和全株的干质量的伤害指数均显著或极显著低于3个油菜品种.研究结果显示:蔊菜对菌核病的抗性及抗旱和耐湿性均强于供试的3个甘蓝型油菜品种,是十字花科(Brassiaceae)中对菌核病抗性强、抗旱耐湿的优质基因源.

A summary of chromosome numbers has been prepared for the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family. Over 9000 chromosome counts have been compiled from the literature. Chromosome numbers are known from 232 of the 338 (68.6%) genera and 1558 of the 3709 (42.0%) of the species in the family. Counts in the excel database have been arranged according to currently accepted taxonomy, and includes for each count, country of origin and reference citation.

倍性鉴定在遗传育种中具有十分重要的作用,倍性鉴定的方法一直是育种研究的重要内容之一。由于细胞核G1期的DNA含量反应一个细胞的倍性,因此常常用DNA含量来估计细胞的倍性。流式细胞术(F low Cy-tom etry)是一种快速准确鉴定倍性的方法,其最突出的特点是测量快速,可在短时间内完成测定,而且操作简单。该方法包括完整核DNA的提取和荧光染色,然后根据它们的相对荧光强度来分析DNA的含量。综述了流式细胞分析法在DNA倍性分析中的应用原理和方法,并阐述了流式细胞技术的优缺点。

倍性鉴定在遗传育种中具有十分重要的作用,倍性鉴定的方法一直是育种研究的重要内容之一。由于细胞核G1期的DNA含量反应一个细胞的倍性,因此常常用DNA含量来估计细胞的倍性。流式细胞术(F low Cy-tom etry)是一种快速准确鉴定倍性的方法,其最突出的特点是测量快速,可在短时间内完成测定,而且操作简单。该方法包括完整核DNA的提取和荧光染色,然后根据它们的相对荧光强度来分析DNA的含量。综述了流式细胞分析法在DNA倍性分析中的应用原理和方法,并阐述了流式细胞技术的优缺点。

介绍了抗旱系数、敏感指数、干旱伤害指数、抗旱指数和模糊隶属函数值等评价指标及方法,鉴定和综合评价了甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜远缘杂交后代的抗旱性,其中抗旱系数是评价远缘杂交后代实际抗旱能力最典型、最简便、最有效的方法之一;单株有效角果数、千粒重、单株生产力的抗旱性是决定后代抗旱能力的主要因素;大部分杂交后代在干旱条件下,群体抗旱性明显增强;甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜杂交后,蔊菜抗旱性状的转育可能有利于增强后代群体的抗旱性。

介绍了抗旱系数、敏感指数、干旱伤害指数、抗旱指数和模糊隶属函数值等评价指标及方法,鉴定和综合评价了甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜远缘杂交后代的抗旱性,其中抗旱系数是评价远缘杂交后代实际抗旱能力最典型、最简便、最有效的方法之一;单株有效角果数、千粒重、单株生产力的抗旱性是决定后代抗旱能力的主要因素;大部分杂交后代在干旱条件下,群体抗旱性明显增强;甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜杂交后,蔊菜抗旱性状的转育可能有利于增强后代群体的抗旱性。