气候变化与人类活动已成为威胁全球生物多样性的首要因素。遗传多样性作为生物多样性的核心组成部分，在物种适应环境变化的过程中发挥关键作用。作为陆生脊椎动物的两大类群，两栖动物和哺乳动物在演化背景、生理功能、生态行为等方面有明显不同，尤其是体温调节和活动能力方面的显著差异使得两栖动物较哺乳动物对气候变化及人类活动更为敏感，但我们尚不清楚这些差异是否会导致不同的遗传多样性水平响应模式。同时，单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性作为量化遗传多样性重要指标，二者对气候与人类活动的响应模式的异同也值得探究。本研究以两栖动物和哺乳动物为研究对象，选取细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）基因片段，探讨气候因子与人类活动对两个脊椎动物类群单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性的影响。结果表明，两栖动物与哺乳动物的整体核苷酸多样性（D=0.230， P < 0.01）和单倍型多样性（D=0.211， P < 0.05）均存在显著差异。气候因子和人类影响因子对两栖动物和哺乳动物核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性的影响呈现出不同的模式。对于两栖动物的单倍型多样性而言，降水季节性范围与其呈显著正相关（SPR； β=0.467， P < 0.05），而年均温范围则与其呈显著负相关（ATR； β=−0.223， P < 0.05），同时人类影响因子与核苷酸多样性呈显著正相关（HII； β=0.035， P < 0.05）；对于哺乳动物的单倍型多样性而言，人类影响因子与其呈显著负相关（HII； β=-0.018， P < 0.05），而年均温则与核苷酸多样性呈显著正相关（AT； β=0.002， P < 0.05）。上述结果揭示了遗传多样性响应气候和人类活动影响的复杂性，我们建议应综合不同多样性指标探讨遗传多样性分布格局及其驱动因素。未来研究需针对不同动物类群，深入探究人类活动和气候因子对遗传多样性的影响机制，以制定更具针对性的生物多样性保护策略。

Aims: Climatic change and anthropogenic activities have become the principal threats to global biodiversity. Genetic diversity, a fundamental component of biodiversity, is integral to species' adaptation to environmental changes. Amphibians and mammals have distinct differences in evolutionary history, physiological functions, and ecological behaviors. Notably, their contrasting thermoregulatory capacities and mobility render amphibians may be more susceptible to climate change and human activities than mammals. However, it remains uncertain whether these differences result in divergent patterns of genetic diversity. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity are the critical metrics in assessing genetic diversity, yet their respective responses to climatic and anthropogenic influences need to be further investigated. 

Methods: This study concentrates on amphibians and mammals, employing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment to investigate the impacts of climatic factors and human activities on haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of these two vertebrate groups. 

Results: We found a substantial difference in overall nucleotide diversity (D=0.230, P < 0.01) and haplotype diversity (D=0.211, P < 0.05) between amphibians and mammals. Distinct patterns were record on that how climatic and anthropogenic factors influenced nucleotide and haplotype diversity between the two groups. For amphibians, haplotype diversity was positively correlated with precipitation seasonality range (SPR; β=0.467, P < 0.05), while it was negatively correlated with the annual temperature range (ATR; β=−0.223, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the Human Influence Index (HII) showed a positive correlation with amphibian nucleotide diversity (HII; β=0.035, P < 0.05). Conversely, in mammals, HII was negatively correlated with haplotype diversity (HII; β=-0.018, P < 0.05), whereas the annual temperature exhibited a positive correlation with nucleotide diversity (AT; β=0.002, P < 0.05). 

Conclusion: Our results underscore the complexity of genetic diversity responses to climatic and anthropogenic influences. We advocate for the integration of multiple metrics to investigate the distribution patterns of genetic diversity and their driving factors. Future research should further explore the mechanisms through which human activities and climatic factors impact genetic diversity across various animal groups, aiming to develop more targeted biodiversity conservation strategies.