家养动物驯化起源的研究方法与进展

蔡新宇, 毛晓伟, 赵毅强

Methods and research progress on the origin of animal domestication

Xinyu Cai, Xiaowei Mao, Yiqiang Zhao

表1 主要家养动物的驯化起源信息。根据Larson和Fuller (2014)、Larson等(2014)和Teletchea (2019)整理。内容包括地理起源、野生祖先、时间起源(前驯化时期和形态学改变时期)和驯化途径。其中前驯化时期是在发生骨骼形态学和性状变化之前出现的特殊集约化管理现象, 是迈向驯化时必不可少的探索阶段。“×”表示此处目前尚未取得可靠证据或者存在较大争议。

Table1 The summary of the origin of domestication of major domestic animals, collected from Larson & Fuller (2014), Larson (2014), and Teletchea (2019). This table includes geographic origin, wild ancestor, domestication time (pre-domestication and the period of morphological changes), and domestication pathways. Among them, the pre-domestication period is a specific intensive management that occurs before the changes in bone morphology and other traits, and it is an indispensable preparation before domestication. “×” means there is no reliable evidence or it is still under debate.

学名 Scientific names 地理起源 Geographic origin 野生祖先 Wild ancestor 前驯化时间(距今年限) Pre-domestication time (BP) 形态学转变(距今年限) Time of morphological changes (BP) 驯化途径 Pathway to domestication 起始 Start 完成 Finish 起始 Start 完成 Finish 山羊 Capra hircus 西南亚 Southwest Asia 野山羊 C. aegagrus 10,500 9,750 9,750 8,000 猎食 Prey 绵羊 Ovis aries 西南亚 Southwest Asia 亚洲盘羊 O. orientalis 10,500 9,750 9,750 8,000 猎食 Prey 普通牛 Bos taurus 西南亚 Southwest Asia 原牛欧亚亚种 B. p. primigenius 10,500 10,250 10,250 8,000 猎食 Prey 瘤牛 Bos indicus 南亚 South Asia 原牛印度亚种 B. p. mauretanicus × × 8,000 6,500 猎食 Prey 猪 Sus domesticus 西南亚 Southwest Asia 欧亚野猪 S. scrofa 11,500 9,750 10,250 9,000 共生 Commensal 东亚 East Asia 欧亚野猪 S. scrofa × × 8,500 6,000 共生 Commensal 美洲驼 Lama glama 南美洲 South America 原驼 L. guanicoe × × 6,000 4,000 猎食 Prey 羊驼 Vicugna pacos 南美洲 South America 原驼 L. guanicoe × × 5,000 3,000 猎食 Prey 马 Equus caballus 中亚 Central Asia 野马 E. ferus 6,750 5,500 5,500 4,000 定向 Directed 驴 Equus asinus 北非 North Africa 非洲野驴 E. africanus × × 5,500 3,500 定向 Directed 水牛 Bubalus bubalis 南亚 South Asia 野水牛 B. arnee × × 4,500 × 猎食 Prey 双峰驼 Camelus bactrianus 中亚 Central Asia × × × 4,500 × 定向 Directed 单峰驼 Camelus dromedarius 阿拉伯半岛 Arabia × × × 3,000 × 定向 Directed 鸡 Gallus gallus domesticus 东亚/东南亚 East Asia/Southeast Asia 红原鸡 G. gallus × × 4,000 × 共生 Commensal 家鸭 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus 东亚/东南亚 East Asia/Southeast Asia 绿头鸭 A. platyrhynchos × × 1,000 × 共生 Commensal