图3. 迭代囚徒困境(IDP) (a)与生物市场理论(BMT) (b)的图形说明以及BMT的核心概念(c)。a. 两个玩家随着时间的推移以对称的方式重复互动, 每个玩家都能够记住最近一次的互动。玩家被标记为相同的填充点, 强调了这种方法固有的对称性(例如, 蝙蝠之间的种内合作)。b. 两组玩家通过类似于二分网络的形式进行交互作用, 其中一组中的每个玩家都可以与来自另一组的多个玩家进行交互(为了简化视觉, 这里只显示了部分交互)。这两个组在这里用不同的符号表示(正方形和三角形), 以强调这种方法内在的不对称性, 这使得它在处理特定种间的互惠互动(例如, 植物与微生物, 蜜蜂与花)时很有优势。BMT模型的最小设置用浅红色标记, 一共三个玩家, 其中一个玩家与另外两个玩家交互。c. 生物市场理论里面的最重要基本概念可以从生态时间尺度分成两类(实线时间轴): 合作伙伴选择和伴侣忠诚反馈。这两类概念所对应的生物学过程在进化时间尺度上是相连的(虚线)。

Fig. 3. Graphical illustration of Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IDP) (a) vs. Biological Market Theory (BMT) (b), and core concepts used in BMT (c). a. Two players interact in a symmetric manner repeatedly over time, with each player being able to remember interactions from the immediate last time step. The players are denoted with the same filled dots, emphasizing the symmetry inherent to this approach (for example, intraspecific cooperation between individual bats). b. Two classes of players interact through a bipartite-graph alike interaction, where each player in one class can interact with multiple players from the other class (for visual simplicity, only part of the interactions are shown here). The two classes are denoted with different symbols here to emphasize the inherent asymmetry of this approach, which makes it unique in dealing with inter-specific mutualistic interaction (for example, plants vs. microbes, bees vs. flowers). The minimal setup of a BMT model is labeled in light red, where 1 player interacts with 2 other. c. The most fundamental concepts in BMT can be divided into two broad classes based on timescale (solid time arrow): partner choice vs. partner fidelity feedback. The biological processes represented by these two classes of concepts are linked over evolutionary time (dashed line).