物种多样性是生物多样性最主要的结构和功能单位, 维持其稳定在保护珍稀濒危物种方面发挥着独特和不可替代的作用。为探究我国大兴安岭地区物种多样性并完善其基础数据, 本研究于2022年1月至2023年6月在黑龙江北极村国家级自然保护区102个相机位点布设了127台红外相机, 并结合规划的30条4 km长的样线, 在2022年冷季和2023年暖季开展固定样线调查。在调查期间, 红外相机累计工作19,881 d, 共获得独立有效照片1,704张, 记录到研究地区的野生鸟类和兽类共94种, 其中兽类19种(4目10科18属), 鸟类75种(12目24科49属), 包括国家一级重点保护野生动物7种, 特别是20世纪60年代以来在本研究区域已经绝迹的东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica), 本次发现为半个世纪以来首次监测到。红外相机拍摄到的兽类中拍摄率前三位的依次是猞猁(Lynx lynx, RAI = 21.88)、狍(Capreolus pygargus, RAI = 18.36)、野猪(Sus scrofa, RAI = 10.00); 鸟类中拍摄率前三位的依次是小嘴乌鸦(Corvus corone, RAI = 1.91)、渡鸦(C. corax, RAI = 0.70)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius, RAI = 0.45)。在样线调查结果中, 兽类物种中痕迹遇见率最多的依次为紫貂(Martes zibeuina)、狍、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、驼鹿(Alces alces)和雪兔(Lepus timidus)。本次调查填补了北极村国家级自然保护区生物多样性数据的空白, 为保护区野生动物多样性的进一步研究和后续的保护管理提供了基础数据。

Aims: Species diversity constitutes a fundamental component of biodiversity in both structural and functional aspects that plays a unique and irreplaceable role in the protection of rare and endangered species. This study undertook an initial assessment of avian and mammal diversity in the Beijicun National Nature Reserve, filling the gap of biodiversity in the reserve, and providing a basic reference for the in-depth study and conservation management of wildlife in the reserve.

Method: Between January 2022 and June 2023, 127 camera traps were deployed in the Beijicun National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang, China. Collectively, these cameras were functionally operational for a total of 19,881 days and obtained a total of 1,704 independent images. Additionally, 30 sample lines spanning 4 km each were estabished to carry out a fixed transect surveys throughout both the cold season of 2022 and the warm season of 2023. The integration of these methodologies facilitated a preliminary exploration into the avian and mammal diversity in the reserve.

Results: The survey recorded a total of 94 species of avian and mammal in the study area, including 19 mammal species (distributed across 4 orders, 10 families and 18 genera) and 75 avian species (12 orders, 24 families and 49 genera). Notably, seven species were identified as first-class National Protected Wildlife in China, including Amur tiger, which was previously extirpated in the area since the 1960s and is the first time it has been detected in half a century. The top three species of mammals captured by camera traps were Lynx lynx, Capreolus pygargus, and Sus scrofa. The top three species of avian captured by camera traps were Corvus corone, C. corax, and Garrulus glandarius. In the transect survey results, the most abundant mammal species was Martes zibeuina, followed by Capreolus pygargus, Cervus elaphus, Alces alces, and Lepus timidus.

Conclusion: This study showed that the combination of camera traps and transect surveys was effective in monitoring the diversity of birds and mammals within the reserve. Ungulates were abundant and widely distributed in the study area, while top predators such as wolves were scarce. The emergence of Amur tigers was of great significance for the basic ecological research of mammals in the area.