Abstract: In the present paper , some problems were discussed on the roles of ecological genetics in biodiversity conservation. First of all , the nature of ecological genetics was described. Ecological genetics represents a union of population ecology and population genetics and it studies on evolution at population level. Second , the basic content of ecological genetics was introduced to show that it is one of the basic knowledgements in the study and protection of biodiversity. Last , two examples were given to illustrate the application of ecological genetics in biodiversity conservation.