GAP analysis on national nature reserves in China based on the distribution of endangered species

doi:10.17520/biods.2015114

Abstract

Abstract:

We defined all plant and animal species under level-I special state protection, and avian species classified as CR and EN in the IUCN Red List as the most concerned endangered species (MCES). GAP analysis was first applied to national nature reserves (NRs) in China based on the distribution of MCES. Through historical specimen collection data, published research articles on MCES, and bird-watching records, we collected occurrence sites for 96 MCES. We simulated 46 species (with at least 5 known occurrence sites) distributions using a Maxent model and drew scatter diagrams with occurrence sites of 50 other species (with little information). Distribution coverage of each MCES by national NRs was calculated. We defined the geological grid (0.8421º) on which at least 10 MCES would occur as a hotspot for MCES, and the grid on which at least 3 mammals, or 8 birds, or 3 plants of MCES as a hotspot for mammals, birds, and plants of MCES, respectively. The coverage of these hotspots by national NRs was also calculated. We found that there are only 16 MCES with over 10% range covered by national NRs. By 2014, national NRs only covered 8.27% of MCES hotspots, and 10.9%, 1.13%, and 7.26% of mammals, birds and plants MCES hotspots, respectively. The results indicated that there is a significant gap between sufficient coverage of national NRs and MCES distribution and their hotspots in China. The coverage of national NRs for birds, especially long-distance migrants, is exceptionally low, while the greatest gap of NRs occurs in hotspots for MCES in east and south China.

Key words: national nature reserve (national NR), GAP analysis, species distribution simulation

Cheng Wen, Lei Gu, Hao Wang, Zhi Lü, Ruocheng Hu, Jia Zhong. GAP analysis on national nature reserves in China based on the distribution of endangered species[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2015, 23(5): 591-600.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2015114

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2015/V23/I5/591

Figures/Tables 6

References 38

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热点地区 Hotspot	涉及省份 Relevant province	各省保护区面积 Area of NRs in each province (km²)	各省热点地区面积 Area of hotspot in each province (km²)	保护区内热点面积 Hotspot in NRs (km²)	热点地区被保护区覆盖比例 NRs coverage of Hotspots (%)
北方 North	辽宁 Liaoning	11,325.8	56,938.0	1,231.4	2.16
	河北 Hebei	7,555.5	76,693.0	701.0	0.91
	北京 Beijing	1,868.9	11,719.9	279.5	2.38
	天津 Tianjin	426.1	14,491.7	238.0	1.64
	山东 Shandong	1,595.4	131,460.6	1,752.3	1.33
	河南 Henan	6,426.7	22,279.3	322.8	1.45
	小计 Sub total	29,198.4	313,582.5	4,525.1	1.44
西部 West	甘肃 Gansu	307,312.3	6,319.0	3,190.7	50.5
	四川 Sichuan	244,152.3	118,175.2	22,957.8	19.4
	云南 Yunnan	2,825.3	18,890.5	1,105.4	5.85
	西藏 Tibet	42,426.1	25,047.7	7,048.6	28.1
	陕西 Shaanxi	9,604.7	4,108.8	1,231.4	30.0
	小计 Sub total	1,013,583.3	172,541.3	35,533.9	20.6
长江下游 Lower Yangtze	安徽 Anhui	3,549.1	24,325.1	903.5	3.71
	江西 Jiangxi	3,291.3	6,087.1	255.3	4.18
	湖北 Hubei	12,989.3	17,961.0	1,182.1	6.58
	湖南 Hunan	2,331.8	16,584.2	3,210.6	19.4
	小计 Sub total	36,882.1	64,957.5	5,551.4	8.54
	合计 Total	1,064,943.2	551,081.3	45,610.4	8.27

热点地区 Hotspot	涉及省份 Relevant province	各省保护区面积 Area of NRs in each province (km²)	各省热点地区面积 Area of hotspot in each province (km²)	保护区内热点面积 Hotspot in NRs (km²)	热点地区被保护区覆盖比例 NRs coverage of Hotspots (%)
北方 North	辽宁 Liaoning	11,325.8	56,938.0	1,231.4	2.16
	河北 Hebei	7,555.5	76,693.0	701.0	0.91
	北京 Beijing	1,868.9	11,719.9	279.5	2.38
	天津 Tianjin	426.1	14,491.7	238.0	1.64
	山东 Shandong	1,595.4	131,460.6	1,752.3	1.33
	河南 Henan	6,426.7	22,279.3	322.8	1.45
	小计 Sub total	29,198.4	313,582.5	4,525.1	1.44
西部 West	甘肃 Gansu	307,312.3	6,319.0	3,190.7	50.5
	四川 Sichuan	244,152.3	118,175.2	22,957.8	19.4
	云南 Yunnan	2,825.3	18,890.5	1,105.4	5.85
	西藏 Tibet	42,426.1	25,047.7	7,048.6	28.1
	陕西 Shaanxi	9,604.7	4,108.8	1,231.4	30.0
	小计 Sub total	1,013,583.3	172,541.3	35,533.9	20.6
长江下游 Lower Yangtze	安徽 Anhui	3,549.1	24,325.1	903.5	3.71
	江西 Jiangxi	3,291.3	6,087.1	255.3	4.18
	湖北 Hubei	12,989.3	17,961.0	1,182.1	6.58
	湖南 Hunan	2,331.8	16,584.2	3,210.6	19.4
	小计 Sub total	36,882.1	64,957.5	5,551.4	8.54
	合计 Total	1,064,943.2	551,081.3	45,610.4	8.27

中文名 Chinese name	学名 Scientific name	分布像元数 Pixel of presence	保护区覆盖像元数 Pixel of presence covered by NRs	保护区覆盖比例 Coverage (%)
植物 Plant
珙桐	Davidia involucrata	900,145	72,375	8.0
滇桂石斛	Dendrobium guangxiense	129,457	19,078	14.7
斑叶杓兰	Cypripedium margaritaceum	738,426	52,221	7.1
秃杉	Taiwania flousiana	252,395	12,628	5.0
水杉	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	903,424	36,968	4.1
曲茎石斛	Dendrobium flexicaule	2,031,378	81,820	4.0
爬行类 Reptile
蟒蛇	Python molurus	931,442	45,969	4.9
鸟类 Bird
斑尾榛鸡	Bonasa sewerzowi	1,308,254	205,748	15.7
黑嘴松鸡	Tetrao parvirostris	356,911	23,709	6.6
灰孔雀雉	Polyplectron bicalcaratum	229,409	11,219	4.9
黑颈长尾雉	Syrmaticus humiae	388,053	15,998	4.1
白颈长尾雉	Syrmaticus ellioti	951,806	35,006	3.7
马鸡属一种	Crossoptilon sp.	2,219,104	79,119	3.6
角雉属(四种)	Tragopan sp.(4 species)	1,021,783	34,782	3.4
中华秋沙鸭	Mergus squamatus	2,202,861	48,206	2.2
金雕	Aquila chrysaetos	6,242,370	498,702	8.0
白肩雕	Aquila heliaca	3,763,922	125,030	3.3
白尾海雕	Haliaeetus albicilla	2,489,869	124,138	5.0
胡兀鹫	Gypaetus barbatus	1,223,626	229,855	18.8
黑颈鹤	Grus nigricollis	1,689,988	331,725	19.6
丹顶鹤	Grus japonensis	1,264,040	44,296	3.5
白头鹤	Grus monacha	2,065,468	53,834	2.6
白鹤	Grus leucogeranus	1,796,487	42,007	2.3
大鸨	Otis tarda	1,012,271	42,332	4.2
东方白鹳	Ciconia boyciana	1,332,168	34,087	2.6
遗鸥	Ichthyaetus relictus	1,910,796	58,243	3.0
哺乳类 Mammal
白眉长臂猿	Bunopithecus hoolock	52,970	3,814	7.2
黑叶猴	Trachypithecus francoisi	616,223	24,052	3.9
熊猴	Macaca assamensis	238,013	34,819	14.6
滇金丝猴	Rhinopithecus bieti	221,115	25,383	11.5
川金丝猴	Rhinopithecus roxellana	148,262	32,008	21.6
黔金丝猴	Rhinopithecus brelichi	3,276	1,147	35.0
雪豹	Panthera uncia	1,505,218	379,635	25.2
云豹	Neofelis nebulosa	1,228,624	122,298	9.9
大熊猫	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	56,056	32,008	57.1
野牦牛	Bos grunniens	534,244	364,932	68.3
羚牛	Budorcas taxicolor	211,741	43,483	20.5
白唇鹿	Cervus albirostris	454,198	91,765	20.2
马麝	Moschus chrysogaster	675,516	121,811	18.0
藏羚	Pantholops hodgsonii	569,159	412,792	72.5
藏野驴	Equus kiang	1,136,538	492,290	43.1
亚洲象	Elephas maximus	68,053	6,279	9.2

中文名 Chinese name	学名 Scientific name	分布像元数 Pixel of presence	保护区覆盖像元数 Pixel of presence covered by NRs	保护区覆盖比例 Coverage (%)
植物 Plant
珙桐	Davidia involucrata	900,145	72,375	8.0
滇桂石斛	Dendrobium guangxiense	129,457	19,078	14.7
斑叶杓兰	Cypripedium margaritaceum	738,426	52,221	7.1
秃杉	Taiwania flousiana	252,395	12,628	5.0
水杉	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	903,424	36,968	4.1
曲茎石斛	Dendrobium flexicaule	2,031,378	81,820	4.0
爬行类 Reptile
蟒蛇	Python molurus	931,442	45,969	4.9
鸟类 Bird
斑尾榛鸡	Bonasa sewerzowi	1,308,254	205,748	15.7
黑嘴松鸡	Tetrao parvirostris	356,911	23,709	6.6
灰孔雀雉	Polyplectron bicalcaratum	229,409	11,219	4.9
黑颈长尾雉	Syrmaticus humiae	388,053	15,998	4.1
白颈长尾雉	Syrmaticus ellioti	951,806	35,006	3.7
马鸡属一种	Crossoptilon sp.	2,219,104	79,119	3.6
角雉属(四种)	Tragopan sp.(4 species)	1,021,783	34,782	3.4
中华秋沙鸭	Mergus squamatus	2,202,861	48,206	2.2
金雕	Aquila chrysaetos	6,242,370	498,702	8.0
白肩雕	Aquila heliaca	3,763,922	125,030	3.3
白尾海雕	Haliaeetus albicilla	2,489,869	124,138	5.0
胡兀鹫	Gypaetus barbatus	1,223,626	229,855	18.8
黑颈鹤	Grus nigricollis	1,689,988	331,725	19.6
丹顶鹤	Grus japonensis	1,264,040	44,296	3.5
白头鹤	Grus monacha	2,065,468	53,834	2.6
白鹤	Grus leucogeranus	1,796,487	42,007	2.3
大鸨	Otis tarda	1,012,271	42,332	4.2
东方白鹳	Ciconia boyciana	1,332,168	34,087	2.6
遗鸥	Ichthyaetus relictus	1,910,796	58,243	3.0
哺乳类 Mammal
白眉长臂猿	Bunopithecus hoolock	52,970	3,814	7.2
黑叶猴	Trachypithecus francoisi	616,223	24,052	3.9
熊猴	Macaca assamensis	238,013	34,819	14.6
滇金丝猴	Rhinopithecus bieti	221,115	25,383	11.5
川金丝猴	Rhinopithecus roxellana	148,262	32,008	21.6
黔金丝猴	Rhinopithecus brelichi	3,276	1,147	35.0
雪豹	Panthera uncia	1,505,218	379,635	25.2
云豹	Neofelis nebulosa	1,228,624	122,298	9.9
大熊猫	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	56,056	32,008	57.1
野牦牛	Bos grunniens	534,244	364,932	68.3
羚牛	Budorcas taxicolor	211,741	43,483	20.5
白唇鹿	Cervus albirostris	454,198	91,765	20.2
马麝	Moschus chrysogaster	675,516	121,811	18.0
藏羚	Pantholops hodgsonii	569,159	412,792	72.5
藏野驴	Equus kiang	1,136,538	492,290	43.1
亚洲象	Elephas maximus	68,053	6,279	9.2