Cultivation history of Camellia oleifera and genetic resources in the Yangtze River Basin

doi:10.17520/biods.2017254

Abstract

Abstract:

Camellia oleifera is the dominant woody oil crop in China. According to current records, the cultivation history of C. oleifera as an oil crop may be less than 1,000 years, and the Yangtze River Basin may be one of the earliest cultivation areas. Wild relatives of C. oleifera are valuable genetic resources for breeding. Camellia oleifera belongs to Sect. Oleifera of the genus Camellia in the family Theaceae. Wild relatives of C. oleifera may include species in Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia. However, the division of Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia is still under debate, and the phylogenetic relationships among species remain unresolved. Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia have the highest frequency of polyploids in the genus Camellia, and the same species may have various ploidies, which may be promoted by artificial selection and interspecies hybridization. The Yangtze River Basin is the main production area of C. oleifera, and the main distribution area of wild C. oleifera, thus containing rich genetic resources of wild C. oleifera. This study analyzed the distribution of species in Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia of the genus Camellia and compared the results with the potential distribution areas of wild C. oleifera. Results show that drainage divides between the Yangtze River Basin and Pearl River Basin (Nanling Mountain, Miaoling Mountain, and adjacent regions) have the highest diversity of species in Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia. Meanwhile, these regions are also potential highly suitable growing regions for wild C. oleifera, where there may be potential interspecies hybrid zones between C. oleifera and its wild relative species. Species diversity decreases from the south to the north, likely representing the dispersal direction from south to north. The potential interspecies hybrid zones between C. oleifera and its wild relative species may contain rich genetic diversity and provide natural breeding stations for selective breeding. These regions should be priority areas for research and conservation in order to explore and utilize genetic resources with important economic values.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/SWDY201804006

Key words: Camellia oleifera, cultivation history, genetic diversity, genetic resource, geographic distribution, Yangtze River Basin

Shengyuan Qin, Jun Rong, Wenju Zhang, Jiakuan Chen. Cultivation history of Camellia oleifera and genetic resources in the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2018, 26(4): 384-395.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2017254

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2018/V26/I4/384

Figures/Tables 3

References 41

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张宏达系统 Taxonomy of Chang	闵天禄系统 Taxonomy of Ming
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera	油茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii
狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa	——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis
茶梅 C. sasanqua	——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	小叶短柱茶 C. grijsii var. shensiensis
油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera	——陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma	窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	大花窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis var. megalantha
	——大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia	——狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	越南油茶 C. drupifera
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	——高州油茶 C. gauchowensis
——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata	——越南油茶 C. vietnamensis
小果短柱茶 C. confusa	油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	——单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha	——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	茶梅 C. sasanqua^*
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	——琉球短柱茶 C. miyagii
冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis	——冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis
钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia	落瓣油茶 C. kissi
樱花短柱茶 C. maliflora	大叶落瓣油茶 C. kissi var. confusa
陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis	——小果短柱茶 C. confusa
粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora	短柱油茶 C. brevistyla
大姚短柱茶 C. tenii	——钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia
细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla	——粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora
褐枝短柱茶 C. phaeoclada	细叶短柱油茶 C. brevistyla var. microphylla
	——细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla

张宏达系统 Taxonomy of Chang	闵天禄系统 Taxonomy of Ming
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera	油茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii
狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa	——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis
茶梅 C. sasanqua	——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	小叶短柱茶 C. grijsii var. shensiensis
油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera	——陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma	窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	大花窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis var. megalantha
	——大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia	——狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	越南油茶 C. drupifera
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	——高州油茶 C. gauchowensis
——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata	——越南油茶 C. vietnamensis
小果短柱茶 C. confusa	油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	——单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha	——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	茶梅 C. sasanqua^*
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	——琉球短柱茶 C. miyagii
冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis	——冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis
钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia	落瓣油茶 C. kissi
樱花短柱茶 C. maliflora	大叶落瓣油茶 C. kissi var. confusa
陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis	——小果短柱茶 C. confusa
粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora	短柱油茶 C. brevistyla
大姚短柱茶 C. tenii	——钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia
细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla	——粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora
褐枝短柱茶 C. phaeoclada	细叶短柱油茶 C. brevistyla var. microphylla
	——细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla

物种 Species	核型 Karyotype								参考文献 Reference
物种 Species	2n	m	sm	st	sat	L/S	AR	Type	参考文献 Reference
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	30	17	12	1		1.46	1.72	2A	Gu & Sun, 1997
茶梅 C. sasanqua	45								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	105								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120								Zhang & Ming, 1999
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	105	61	37	7	2	1.87	1.76	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	86	26	8	2	2.89	1.56	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	56	48	16		1.70	2.01	2A	Mo, 1990
普通油茶 C. oleifera	30	24	4	2	2	2.00	1.44	2A	Li, 1981
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	29	1	3				Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	22	8		2.38	1.70	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	60								Zhuang, 2008
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	30	22	6	2	2	1.83	1.55	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	25	5						Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	20	7	3		1.78	1.85	2A	Lü et al, 1993
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	60								Zhuang, 2008
	75								Zhuang, 2008
	90								Zhuang, 2008
	90	61	23	6		2.01	1.72	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	24	6	2	2.12	1.61	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	30	22	4	4		1.48	1.73	2A	Huang & Xu, 1985
	30								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	30	16	14		2	1.30	1.67	2A	Qi et al, 1986
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	30	18	10	2		2.06	1.71	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999

物种 Species	核型 Karyotype								参考文献 Reference
物种 Species	2n	m	sm	st	sat	L/S	AR	Type	参考文献 Reference
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	30	17	12	1		1.46	1.72	2A	Gu & Sun, 1997
茶梅 C. sasanqua	45								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	105								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120								Zhang & Ming, 1999
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	105	61	37	7	2	1.87	1.76	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	86	26	8	2	2.89	1.56	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	56	48	16		1.70	2.01	2A	Mo, 1990
普通油茶 C. oleifera	30	24	4	2	2	2.00	1.44	2A	Li, 1981
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	29	1	3				Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	22	8		2.38	1.70	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	60								Zhuang, 2008
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	30	22	6	2	2	1.83	1.55	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	25	5						Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	20	7	3		1.78	1.85	2A	Lü et al, 1993
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	60								Zhuang, 2008
	75								Zhuang, 2008
	90								Zhuang, 2008
	90	61	23	6		2.01	1.72	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	24	6	2	2.12	1.61	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	30	22	4	4		1.48	1.73	2A	Huang & Xu, 1985
	30								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	30	16	14		2	1.30	1.67	2A	Qi et al, 1986
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	30	18	10	2		2.06	1.71	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999

分布区域 Distribution	物种数 No. species	物种(分布点数) Species (No. distribution sites)	物种多样性 Species diversity	染色体倍性 Ploidy
南岭地区(粤北、桂北、赣南和湘南交界地带, 包括南岭、越城岭、都庞岭、大庾岭、骑田岭、大瑶山、九连山及附近地区) Nanling Mountains regions (Boundary regions of North Guangdong, North Guangxi, South Jiangxi and South Hunan, including Nanling, Yuechengling, Dupangling, Dayuling, Qitianling, Dayaoshan, Jiulianshan mountains and adjacent regions)	7	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (12) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (11) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (9) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (9) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (5) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (3) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (1)	0.815	2, 4, 6
苗岭地区(黔中部和黔东南地区, 包括苗岭及九万大山附近区域) Miaoling Mountains regions (Central and Southeast Guizhou, including Miaoling and Jiuwandashan mountains and adjacent regions)	5	小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (3) 钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia (2) 越南油茶 C. vietnamensis (1) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.750	2, 4, 8
岭南山地(南岭以南的粤中南部和桂东部山区) South of Nanling Mountains regions (South of Nanling Mountains, including Central and South Guangdong and East Guangxi mountains regions)	5	落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (12) 越南油茶 C. vietnamensis (7) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (4) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (4) 高州油茶 C. gauchowensis (2)	0.728	2, 4, 8
分布区域 Distribution	物种数 No. species	物种(分布点数) Species (No. distribution sites)	物种多样性 Species diversity	染色体倍性 Ploidy
南海地区(雷州半岛、十万大山、北部湾地区和海南岛) South China Sea regions (Leizhou Peninsula, Shiwandashan Mountains, Beibu Gulf regions and Hainan Island)	4	越南油茶 C. vietnamensis (8) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (7) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (7) 小果短柱茶 C. confusa (2)	0.712	2, 4, 8
武夷山地区(赣东和闽中南区域, 包括武夷山、戴云山及附近区域) Wuyi Mountains regions (East Jiangxi, Central and South Fujian, including Wuyi Mountains, Daiyun Mountain and adjacent regions)	6	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (21) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (12) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (5) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (1) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (1) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (1)	0.635	2, 4, 6
武陵山地区(鄂、湘、渝、黔交界地带,包括武陵山、大娄山、方斗山、明月山及附近区域) Wuling Mountains regions (Boundary regions of Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing and Guizhou, including Wuling Mountains, Daloushan, Fangdoushan, Mingyue Mountains and adjacent regions)	7	长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (15) 陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis (3) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (2) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (2) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (1) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.608	2, 4, 6
罗霄山地区(湘东部和赣西部的山区, 包括罗霄山、武功山、九岭山及附近区域) Luoxiao Mountains regions (East Hunan and West Jiangxi mountains, including Luoxiao Mountains, Wugong Mountains, Jiuling Mountains and adjacent regions)	4	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (7) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (2) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (2) 粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora (1)	0.597	2, 4, 6
秦岭-巴山地区(秦岭、大巴山、米仓山、巫山及附近区域) Qinling-Bashan Mountains regions (Qinling, Dabashan, Micangshan, Wushan Mountains and adjacent regions)	3	陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis (9) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (4) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (3)	0.586	2, 4, 6
湖南中西部山地(湘中西部山地, 包括雪峰山、衡山及附近地区) Central and West Hunan Mountains regions (Central and West Hunan Mountains, including Xuefeng Mountains, Hengshan Mountains and adjacent regions)	4	细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (6) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (2) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.580	2, 4, 6
西南山地(滇、川为主的西南群山区域,包括无量山、拱王山、点苍山、六昭山、乌蒙山、峨眉山及附近区域) Southwest Mountains regions (Southwest Mountains Regions mainly located in Yunnan and Sichuan, including Wuliangshan, Gongwangshan, Diancangshan, Liuzhaoshan, Wumengshan, Emei Mountains and adjacent regions)	5	落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (20) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (11) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (1) 小果短柱茶 C. confusa (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.547	2, 4
浙南山地(浙南、皖南和赣东北的山地, 包括天目山、黄山、仙霞岭、括苍山、怀玉山、雁荡山及附近区域) South Zhejiang Mountains regions (South Zhejiang, South Anhui and Northeast Jiangxi Mountains, including Tianmu, Huangshan, Xianxialing, Kuocang, Huaiyu, Yandang Mountains and adjacent regions)	6	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (19) 粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora (4) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (1) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (1) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (1) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (1)	0.477	2, 4
台湾地区(台湾岛内地区) Taiwan regions (Taiwan Island regions)	1	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (2)	0.000	2