公众科学: 整合科学研究、生态保护和公众参与

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113

生物多样性 ›› 2013, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (6): 738-749. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113

公众科学: 整合科学研究、生态保护和公众参与

张健^1,^*(), 陈圣宾², 陈彬³, 杜彦君³, 黄晓磊⁴, 潘绪斌⁵, 张强⁶

1 Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H1
2 环境保护部南京环境科学研究所, 南京 210042
3 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
4 中国科学院动物研究所动物进化与系统学院重点实验室, 北京 100101
5 中国检验检疫科学研究院植物检疫研究所, 北京 100029
6 广东省昆虫研究所, 广州 510260

收稿日期:2013-05-09 接受日期:2013-09-03 出版日期:2013-11-20 发布日期:2013-12-02
通讯作者: 张健
基金资助:
环保公益性行业科研专项(201209027);“十二五”国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAC01B08)

Citizen science: integrating scientific research, ecological conservation and public participation

Jian Zhang^1,^*(), Shengbin Chen², Bin Chen³, Yanjun Du³, Xiaolei Huang⁴, Xubin Pan⁵, Qiang Zhang⁶

1 Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H1
2 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042
3 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
4 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
5 Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029
6 Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260

Received:2013-05-09 Accepted:2013-09-03 Online:2013-11-20 Published:2013-12-02
Contact: Zhang Jian

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

公众科学(citizen science)即公众参与式科学研究, 指包含了非职业科学家、科学爱好者和志愿者参与的科研活动, 其范围涵盖科学问题探索、新技术发展、数据收集与分析等。随着信息和网络时代的到来, 公众科学在生态保护和环境监测等领域中的作用也受到越来越多的重视。依据公众在科学研究过程中的贡献和参与程度, 公众科学项目可分为契约型、辅助型、合作型、共创型和学院型等不同类型与模式。在大量公众科学项目的基础上, 已经建立了多个公众科学平台, 提供此类项目的基本信息、方法和技术等。公众科学的成果已经在科学研究, 特别是生态学和环境保护等方面发挥了重要的作用。尽管中国的公众科学在鸟类和植物监测方面已经有了良好的开端, 并积累了大量经验, 但依然存在起步晚、参与度不高、数据质量控制薄弱、项目管理和信息整合能力差等不足。为发展中国公众科学, 需要多渠道争取经费支持, 进行广泛宣传, 发展相关组织、发展平台和技术, 积极寻找公众科学成果出口, 并加强国际合作; 同时充分利用每一个有志于科学研究的公民的力量, 积极推动中国在生态保护和环境监测等科学研究领域的良性发展。为此我们建立了中国公众科学网站平台(http://www.gongzhongkexue.org), 希望能作为一个连接公众、科学家、政府、非政府组织和志愿者团体等的桥梁和纽带。

关键词: 全民科学, 环境保护, 保护生物学, 生物多样性, 环境监测, 鸟类监测, 植物监测

Abstract

Citizen science, also known as “public participation in scientific research”, is defined as scientific activities in which non-professional scientists participate as volunteers in data collection, analysis and dissemination within a scientific project. With the advent of the information age, citizen science projects, especially in ecological conservation and environmental monitoring, are rapidly expanding our knowledge of the world around us, and contributing to management and policy decisions. Citizen science projects can be classified into five types of models: contractual, contributory, collaborative, co-created and collegial projects. In China, public participation in science related activities has had a long history, but current contributions in citizen science are limited because of relatively low public participation, and the weaknesses in data quality control, data management and analysis. Recently, citizen science has been applied to bird watching and plant monitoring, with some positive and negative experiences. To better increase citizen science activities and enhance such contributions to academic research, improvements are urgently required in financial support, the development of project platforms, the application of new technology, and international collaboration. We believe that the enhancement of citizen science will greatly promote the development of ecological conservation, environmental monitoring and related research fields. To help with this we have established a platform for China citizen science projects (http://www.gongzhongkexue.org) to promote communication and cooperation among scientists, governments, other organizations and the public.

Key words: citizen science, environmental conservation, conservation biology, biodiversity, environmental monitoring, bird watching, plant monitoring

张健, 陈圣宾, 陈彬, 杜彦君, 黄晓磊, 潘绪斌, 张强 (2013) 公众科学: 整合科学研究、生态保护和公众参与. 生物多样性, 21, 738-749. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113.

Jian Zhang,Shengbin Chen,Bin Chen,Yanjun Du,Xiaolei Huang,Xubin Pan,Qiang Zhang (2013) Citizen science: integrating scientific research, ecological conservation and public participation. Biodiversity Science, 21, 738-749. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2013/V21/I6/738

图/表 8

参考文献 53

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科学研究的步骤 Steps in scientific process	契约型 Contractual	辅助型 Contributory	合作型 Collaborative	共创型 Co-created	学院型 Collegial
选择或定义研究问题 Choose or define question(s) for study	√			√	√
收集信息和资源 Gather information and resources	(√)			√	√
提出假说或解释 Develop explanations (hypotheses)				√	√
设计数据收集方法 Design data collection methodologies			(√)	√	√
收集样品、记录数据 Collect samples and/or record data		√	√	√	√
分析样品 Analyze samples			√	√	√
分析数据 Analyze data		(√)	√	√	√
解释数据、得出结论 Interpret data and draw conclusions	(√)		(√)	√	√
宣传研究结果或转换科研结果到实践 Disseminate conclusions/translate results into action	(√)	(√)	(√)	√	√
讨论研究结果、提出新的问题 Discuss results and ask new questions	√			√	√

科学研究的步骤 Steps in scientific process	契约型 Contractual	辅助型 Contributory	合作型 Collaborative	共创型 Co-created	学院型 Collegial
选择或定义研究问题 Choose or define question(s) for study	√			√	√
收集信息和资源 Gather information and resources	(√)			√	√
提出假说或解释 Develop explanations (hypotheses)				√	√
设计数据收集方法 Design data collection methodologies			(√)	√	√
收集样品、记录数据 Collect samples and/or record data		√	√	√	√
分析样品 Analyze samples			√	√	√
分析数据 Analyze data		(√)	√	√	√
解释数据、得出结论 Interpret data and draw conclusions	(√)		(√)	√	√
宣传研究结果或转换科研结果到实践 Disseminate conclusions/translate results into action	(√)	(√)	(√)	√	√
讨论研究结果、提出新的问题 Discuss results and ask new questions	√			√	√

网站 Websites	提供的资源 Resources
Citizen Science Central: www.citizenscience.org	项目开发、文献数据库、讨论组等相关的工具 Toolkit for project development, tips and tools, reference database, conference proceedings, searchable project list, discussion forum, news feed, professional network
SciStarter: www.scistarter.com	项目搜索工具、项目添加工具等 Project finder and add project tools, editor’s picks, member and site blogs
中国自然标本馆: www.cfh.ac.cn	生物多样性基础数据支持, 公众科学项目数据存储、物种鉴定、编目和分类管理、团队协作等功能支持 Tools for biodiversity data collection, species identification, and group cooperation
CitSci.org: www.citsci.org	制作数据输入表格的工具 Tools for creating customized data-entry forms so that volunteers can submit data
Data Observation Network for Earth: www.dataone.org	数据管理、数据标准化、数据分析和可视化的工具 Tools on data management and data standards that will enable the integration of data from diverse studies and taxa, data analysis and visualization tools
The Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science: www.publiclaboratory.org	工具、方法、会议信息 Tools and methods, information on conferences
iSpot: http://www.ispot.org.uk	各种动植物类群监测网络平台 Species identification and monitoring

网站 Websites	提供的资源 Resources
Citizen Science Central: www.citizenscience.org	项目开发、文献数据库、讨论组等相关的工具 Toolkit for project development, tips and tools, reference database, conference proceedings, searchable project list, discussion forum, news feed, professional network
SciStarter: www.scistarter.com	项目搜索工具、项目添加工具等 Project finder and add project tools, editor’s picks, member and site blogs
中国自然标本馆: www.cfh.ac.cn	生物多样性基础数据支持, 公众科学项目数据存储、物种鉴定、编目和分类管理、团队协作等功能支持 Tools for biodiversity data collection, species identification, and group cooperation
CitSci.org: www.citsci.org	制作数据输入表格的工具 Tools for creating customized data-entry forms so that volunteers can submit data
Data Observation Network for Earth: www.dataone.org	数据管理、数据标准化、数据分析和可视化的工具 Tools on data management and data standards that will enable the integration of data from diverse studies and taxa, data analysis and visualization tools
The Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science: www.publiclaboratory.org	工具、方法、会议信息 Tools and methods, information on conferences
iSpot: http://www.ispot.org.uk	各种动植物类群监测网络平台 Species identification and monitoring

类型 Type of science	定义 Definition	花费 Cost	数据质量 Data quality	信息传播 Information dissemination
传统科学项目 Traditional science	科学家执行研究活动 Scientists conduct all aspects of the research process	高 High	高 High	慢 Slow
验证式公众科学项目 Verified citizen science	科学家和公众共同执行研究活动 Scientists and citizens conduct the research process together	中等 Medium	中等 Medium	中等 Medium
直接式公众科学项目 Direct citizen science	完全由公众执行的研究活动 Citizens conduct all aspects of the research process	低 Low	低 Low	快 Fast

公众科学: 整合科学研究、生态保护和公众参与

Citizen science: integrating scientific research, ecological conservation and public participation

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参考文献 53

相关文章 15

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费用类型 Type of costs	费用(美元) Costs (US$)
费用类型 Type of costs	传统科学 Traditional science	验证性公众科学 Verified citizen science	直接式公众科学 Direct citizen science
实验材料费用 Traps and fence cost	4.17	4.17	4.17
旅行费用 Travel to field site	85.46	0.00	0.00
参与者收集捕捉器的工资 Student payment for collecting trap samples	34.00	0.00	0.00
参与者收集数据的工资 Student payment for collecting data	0.00	4.25	0.00
科学家帮助参与者培训的工资 Researcher investment to train students	2.99	2.99	0.00
调查者邮寄数据给科学家的费用 Mailing cost	0.00	1.61	0.00
举行培训班的花费 Hosting volunteer training workshops	0.00	9.89	9.89
网站开发和维护 Website development and maintenance	0.00	17.38	17.38
每个捕捉器的总花费 Total cost per trap	126.62	40.29	31.44

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