生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (3): 211-225. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207
• 论文 • 下一篇
田瑜1, 邬建国1,2, 寇晓军1, 李钟汶1, 王天明1, 牟溥1, 葛剑平1,*()
收稿日期:
2008-08-20
接受日期:
2009-03-25
出版日期:
2009-05-20
发布日期:
2009-05-20
通讯作者:
葛剑平
作者简介:
*E-mail: gejp@bnu.edu.cn基金资助:
Yu Tian1, Jianguo Wu1,2, Xiaojun Kou1, Zhongwen Li1, Tianming Wang1, Pu Mou1, Jianping Ge1,*()
Received:
2008-08-20
Accepted:
2009-03-25
Online:
2009-05-20
Published:
2009-05-20
Contact:
Jianping Ge
摘要:
作者通过对广泛的历史资料的综合分析, 研究了东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)种群在近一个多世纪以来的时空动态及其原因, 并从景观生态学和可持续性科学的角度对东北虎的保护提出了建议。东北虎是俄罗斯远东、中国东北、蒙古东部以及朝鲜的关键种。近百年以来的多种人为干扰因素使该种群从一个世纪前的近3,000只的历史最高纪录减少到目前约500只的低水平。现存种群主要分布在俄罗斯远东地区Sikhote山脉的一个大生境区域和两个靠近中俄边境孤立的小生境斑块, 少数个体零星分布在中国境内几个小而孤立的生境斑块中。威胁东北虎种群生存的两个最主要因素是捕猎、生境丧失和破碎化。此外, 食物匮乏、战争等因素也对东北虎的生存和繁衍有一定程度的影响。我们建议建立长期监测平台; 禁止盗猎并限制在东北虎潜在栖息地采伐、狩猎以及修筑道路等人类活动; 建立相互连通的保护区域, 特别是建立中国与俄罗斯间跨国界的生态廊道。这些保护措施应该以景观生态学和可持续性科学为指导, 实现空间资源的合理配置和土地利用格局的优化, 同时考虑东北虎种群的生存和当地经济、社会发展的需求, 从而促进实现区域可持续发展的最终目标。
田瑜, 邬建国, 寇晓军, 李钟汶, 王天明, 牟溥, 葛剑平 (2009) 东北虎种群的时空动态及其原因分析. 生物多样性, 17, 211-225. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207.
Yu Tian, Jianguo Wu, Xiaojun Kou, Zhongwen Li, Tianming Wang, Pu Mou, Jianping Ge (2009) Spatiotemporal pattern and major causes of the Amur tiger population dynamics. Biodiversity Science, 17, 211-225. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207.
图1 东北虎种群分布区的时空变化及迁移通道(资料来源: Baikov, 1925; 马逸清, 1983, 2005; 谭邦杰, 1989; 高中信等, 1993; 吴宪忠等, 1994; Matyushkin et al. 1996; 赫俊峰等, 1997; 于孝臣等, 2000; 李彤等, 2001; 马建章和金崑, 2003; 孙海义等, 2005; Miquelle et al. 2006)。图中字母A-Y表示河流、湖泊, 数字1-8表示城镇, 罗马数字I-VII表示山脉。
Fig. 1 Spatiotemporal dynamics of the distribution and movement corridors of the Amur tiger (Data from: Baikov, 1925; Ma, 1983, 2005; Tan, 1989; Gao et al., 1993; Wu et al., 1994; Matyushkin et al., 1996; He et al., 1997; Yu et al., 2000; Li et al., 2001; Ma & Jin, 2003; Sun et al., 2005; Miquelle et al., 2006). Letters A to Y denote the names of rivers and lakes, Arabic numbers 1 to 8 the names of cities and towns, and Roman numerals I to VII the names of mountains.
时间(年) Time (year) | 东北虎种群数量(只) Amur tiger population size | 资料来源 Data sources | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
吉林 Jilin | 黑龙江 Heilongjiang | 中国 China | 平均值 Average | ||
1890 | - | - | 1,200-2,400 | 1,800 | Xu (徐学良), |
30年代 1930s | - | - | 500 | 500 | He et al. (赫俊峰等), |
50年代中期 mid-1950s | - | - | 200 | 200 | He et al. (赫俊峰等), |
1974-1976 | 70 | 81 | 151 | 151 | Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), |
1975 | 48 | - | - | - | Li et al. (李彤等), |
1979 | - | - | 180-190 | 185 | Ma (马逸清), |
1981-1984 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 30 | He et al. (赫俊峰等), |
1988-1991 | 6-8 | 10-14 | 16-22 | 19 | Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), |
1984-1985 | - | - | 20-30 | 25 | Wang (王炳坤), |
1992 | 4-5 | - | - | - | Li et al. (李彤等), |
1993 | - | - | 20-22 | 21 | Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), |
1998-1999 | 7-9 | 5-7 | 12-16 | 14 | Li et al. (李彤等), |
2001 | - | 8-12 | - | - | Ma (马建章) & Jin (金崑), |
2003-2004 | - | 9-11 | 16-20 | 18 | Sun et al. (孙海义等), |
2005-2006 | - | 12-14 | - | - | Zhou et al. (周绍春等), |
表1 中国境内东北虎种群数量的历史变化
Table 1 Historical changes in the population size of the Amur tiger in China
时间(年) Time (year) | 东北虎种群数量(只) Amur tiger population size | 资料来源 Data sources | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
吉林 Jilin | 黑龙江 Heilongjiang | 中国 China | 平均值 Average | ||
1890 | - | - | 1,200-2,400 | 1,800 | Xu (徐学良), |
30年代 1930s | - | - | 500 | 500 | He et al. (赫俊峰等), |
50年代中期 mid-1950s | - | - | 200 | 200 | He et al. (赫俊峰等), |
1974-1976 | 70 | 81 | 151 | 151 | Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), |
1975 | 48 | - | - | - | Li et al. (李彤等), |
1979 | - | - | 180-190 | 185 | Ma (马逸清), |
1981-1984 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 30 | He et al. (赫俊峰等), |
1988-1991 | 6-8 | 10-14 | 16-22 | 19 | Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), |
1984-1985 | - | - | 20-30 | 25 | Wang (王炳坤), |
1992 | 4-5 | - | - | - | Li et al. (李彤等), |
1993 | - | - | 20-22 | 21 | Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), |
1998-1999 | 7-9 | 5-7 | 12-16 | 14 | Li et al. (李彤等), |
2001 | - | 8-12 | - | - | Ma (马建章) & Jin (金崑), |
2003-2004 | - | 9-11 | 16-20 | 18 | Sun et al. (孙海义等), |
2005-2006 | - | 12-14 | - | - | Zhou et al. (周绍春等), |
时间(年) Time (year) | 东北虎种群数量 Amur tiger population size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Darman et al. ( | Miquelle et al. ( | *WWF专家估计 | Matyushkin ( | 中值或平均值 Median or average | |
1890 | 700 | - | 800 | - | 750 |
1900 | - | - | - | 600-800 | 700 |
1924 | 350 | - | 400 | - | 375 |
1927 | 100 | - | 110 | - | 105 |
1930 | 55 | - | 80 | 50-60 | 55 |
1935 | 50 | - | 60 | - | 55 |
1940 | 30 | 20-30 | 50 | 34-46 | 40 |
1945 | 50 | - | 60 | - | 55 |
1950 | 60 | - | 70 | 50-60 | 60 |
1952 | - | - | - | 40-45 | 43 |
1955 | 80 | - | 85 | - | 83 |
1957 | - | 58 | - | - | 58 |
1959 | - | 90-100 | - | - | 95 |
1960 | 105 | - | 100 | 90-100 | 100 |
1965 | 120 | - | 160 | 110 | 120 |
1968 | - | - | - | 128-156, 122-148 | 139 |
1970 | 150 | 149-151 | 180 | 130-132 | 150 |
1973 | - | - | - | 180-230, 150-180 | 185 |
1974 | - | - | - | 130-150 | 140 |
1975 | 250 | - | 260 | 200-250, 170 | 236 |
1976 | - | 160-170 | - | - | 165 |
1978 | - | - | - | 200 | 200 |
1979 | - | 206-229 | - | - | 218 |
1980 | 360 | - | 370 | 360-380 | 370 |
1985 | 460 | 240-250 | 465 | 460-480, 250-480 | 340 |
1987 | 450 | - | 380 | - | 415 |
1988 | - | - | - | 240-250 | 245 |
1990 | 430 | 349 | 430 | 408-430, 338-350 | 430 |
1993 | 450 | - | 350 | 250-300 | 350 |
1995 | 472 | - | 402 | 150-200 | 402 |
1996 | - | 415-476 | - | - | 445 |
1998 | 460 | - | 450 | - | 455 |
2000 | 435 | - | 450 | - | 443 |
2005 | - | 428-502 | - | - | 480 |
表2 俄罗斯境内东北虎种群数量的历史变化
Table 2 Historical changes in the population size of the Amur tiger in Russia
时间(年) Time (year) | 东北虎种群数量 Amur tiger population size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Darman et al. ( | Miquelle et al. ( | *WWF专家估计 | Matyushkin ( | 中值或平均值 Median or average | |
1890 | 700 | - | 800 | - | 750 |
1900 | - | - | - | 600-800 | 700 |
1924 | 350 | - | 400 | - | 375 |
1927 | 100 | - | 110 | - | 105 |
1930 | 55 | - | 80 | 50-60 | 55 |
1935 | 50 | - | 60 | - | 55 |
1940 | 30 | 20-30 | 50 | 34-46 | 40 |
1945 | 50 | - | 60 | - | 55 |
1950 | 60 | - | 70 | 50-60 | 60 |
1952 | - | - | - | 40-45 | 43 |
1955 | 80 | - | 85 | - | 83 |
1957 | - | 58 | - | - | 58 |
1959 | - | 90-100 | - | - | 95 |
1960 | 105 | - | 100 | 90-100 | 100 |
1965 | 120 | - | 160 | 110 | 120 |
1968 | - | - | - | 128-156, 122-148 | 139 |
1970 | 150 | 149-151 | 180 | 130-132 | 150 |
1973 | - | - | - | 180-230, 150-180 | 185 |
1974 | - | - | - | 130-150 | 140 |
1975 | 250 | - | 260 | 200-250, 170 | 236 |
1976 | - | 160-170 | - | - | 165 |
1978 | - | - | - | 200 | 200 |
1979 | - | 206-229 | - | - | 218 |
1980 | 360 | - | 370 | 360-380 | 370 |
1985 | 460 | 240-250 | 465 | 460-480, 250-480 | 340 |
1987 | 450 | - | 380 | - | 415 |
1988 | - | - | - | 240-250 | 245 |
1990 | 430 | 349 | 430 | 408-430, 338-350 | 430 |
1993 | 450 | - | 350 | 250-300 | 350 |
1995 | 472 | - | 402 | 150-200 | 402 |
1996 | - | 415-476 | - | - | 445 |
1998 | 460 | - | 450 | - | 455 |
2000 | 435 | - | 450 | - | 443 |
2005 | - | 428-502 | - | - | 480 |
图2 1890-2005年期间中、俄东北虎以及总体种群变化趋势(数据来自于表1和表2的文献, 图中数据是取表中数据的中值而绘。)
Fig. 2 Population dynamics of the Amur tiger in China, Russia, and the entire distribution region between 1890 and 2005 (curves drawn using the medium values in Tables 1 and 2).
调查时间 Time | 地区 Regions | 捕获和死亡的数量及原因 Tigers killed (causes of death) | 原始数据来源 Original data source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
幼虎 Cub | 成年虎 Adult | |||
1911-1914 | Primorsky Krai | - | 80 (poached) | Tselischev, |
1920-1970 | Bolshaya Ussurka river | 97 | - | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1920-1970 | Primorsky Krai | 130 | - | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1940-1960 | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) | - | 60 (poached) | Rukovskii, |
1955-1956 | USSR | 15 (captured); 13 (poached) | - | Abramov, |
1951-1970 | Chuguevskiy | - | 25 (poached) | Gorokhov, |
1951-1973 | South of USSR | - | 45 (poached) | Gorokhov, |
1960-1970 | USSR | - | 184 (poached) | Abramov, |
1961-1966 | Primorsky Krai | 11 (poached) | - | Kudzin, |
1961-1969 | USSR | 16-18 (captured); 10-12 (poached) | - | Kucherenko, |
1962-1981 | Primorsky Krai | - | >100 (poached) | Pikunov et al., |
1963-1964 | B.U. river | 14 (poached) | - | Matyushkin, |
1965-1970 | Primorsky Krai | - | 70(poached) | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1965-1970 | Primorsky Krai | - | 10 (poached each year) | Kucherenko, |
1965-1970 | Primorsky Krai | 10 (captured); 53 (poached) | - | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1966-1970 | Chuguevskiy | - | 14 (poached) | Gorokhov, |
1967-1986 | USSR | 53 (poached) | - | Spitsin et al., |
1970-1992 | Primorsky Krai | - | 53 (poached) | Nikolayev & Yudin, |
early 80s | USSR | - | 20 (poached each year) | Pikunov, |
1983-1985 | Primorsky Krai | 8 (poached) | 15 (poached) | Nikolayev, |
1984-1985 | USSR | - | 30-40 (poached each year) | Pikunov, |
1986 | Primorsky Krai | - | 32 (poached) | Bragin & Gaponov, |
1991 | Lazo | - | 7 (poached) | Khramtsov, |
-1991 | USSR | - | 50-70 (poached) | Pikunov, |
1991-1992 | USSR | - | 100 (poached) | Kucherenko, |
1985-1990 | USSR | - | 82 (poached) | Matyushkin, |
1991-1996 | Russia Far East | - | 160 (poached) | Matyushkin, |
1992 | Russia Far East | - | 60 (poached) | 赫俊峰等, |
表3 被捕杀的幼虎及成年虎的数量统计(根据Matyushkin, 1998)
Table 3 Numbers of cubs and adult tigers captured and poached in different time periods (cf. Matyushkin, 1998)
调查时间 Time | 地区 Regions | 捕获和死亡的数量及原因 Tigers killed (causes of death) | 原始数据来源 Original data source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
幼虎 Cub | 成年虎 Adult | |||
1911-1914 | Primorsky Krai | - | 80 (poached) | Tselischev, |
1920-1970 | Bolshaya Ussurka river | 97 | - | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1920-1970 | Primorsky Krai | 130 | - | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1940-1960 | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) | - | 60 (poached) | Rukovskii, |
1955-1956 | USSR | 15 (captured); 13 (poached) | - | Abramov, |
1951-1970 | Chuguevskiy | - | 25 (poached) | Gorokhov, |
1951-1973 | South of USSR | - | 45 (poached) | Gorokhov, |
1960-1970 | USSR | - | 184 (poached) | Abramov, |
1961-1966 | Primorsky Krai | 11 (poached) | - | Kudzin, |
1961-1969 | USSR | 16-18 (captured); 10-12 (poached) | - | Kucherenko, |
1962-1981 | Primorsky Krai | - | >100 (poached) | Pikunov et al., |
1963-1964 | B.U. river | 14 (poached) | - | Matyushkin, |
1965-1970 | Primorsky Krai | - | 70(poached) | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1965-1970 | Primorsky Krai | - | 10 (poached each year) | Kucherenko, |
1965-1970 | Primorsky Krai | 10 (captured); 53 (poached) | - | Yudakov & Nikolayev, |
1966-1970 | Chuguevskiy | - | 14 (poached) | Gorokhov, |
1967-1986 | USSR | 53 (poached) | - | Spitsin et al., |
1970-1992 | Primorsky Krai | - | 53 (poached) | Nikolayev & Yudin, |
early 80s | USSR | - | 20 (poached each year) | Pikunov, |
1983-1985 | Primorsky Krai | 8 (poached) | 15 (poached) | Nikolayev, |
1984-1985 | USSR | - | 30-40 (poached each year) | Pikunov, |
1986 | Primorsky Krai | - | 32 (poached) | Bragin & Gaponov, |
1991 | Lazo | - | 7 (poached) | Khramtsov, |
-1991 | USSR | - | 50-70 (poached) | Pikunov, |
1991-1992 | USSR | - | 100 (poached) | Kucherenko, |
1985-1990 | USSR | - | 82 (poached) | Matyushkin, |
1991-1996 | Russia Far East | - | 160 (poached) | Matyushkin, |
1992 | Russia Far East | - | 60 (poached) | 赫俊峰等, |
调查时间(年) Time (year) | 虎捕食的猎物的比例 Prey percent for the Amur tiger | 调查方法 Methods | 原始数据来源 Original data source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
野猪 Wild boar | 鹿 Red deer | 狍子 Roe deer | |||
1946-1947 | 主要 Primary | 次要 Secondary | 次要 Secondary | 野外调查 Field survey | Rakov, |
1958-1963 | 主要 Primary | 次要 Secondary | 次要 Secondary | 野外调查 Field survey | Rakov, |
1969-1971 | 56% | 27% | 6% | 野外调查 Field survey | Kucherenko, |
1969-1973 | 54% | 25% | - | 野外调查 Field survey | Yudakov, |
1977-1978 | 次要 Secondary | 主要 Primary | 次要 Secondary | 野外跟踪调查4只虎 Tracing 4 tigers in the field | Pikunov, |
1993 | 35% | 50% | - | 无线电项圈 Radiotracking | Miquelle et al., |
1962-1977 | - | 72.6% | - | 野外调查 Field survey | Matyushkin, |
1992-1994 | 29.5% | 54.3% | - | 无线电项圈 Radiotracking | Miquelle et al., |
1993-1994 | 36% | 57% | - | 航空调查 Aerial survey | Myslenkov & Miquelle, |
表4 东北虎捕食的猎物比例的历史变化(根据Matyushkin, 1998)
Table 4 Historical changes in the species composition of the Amur tiger’s prey (cf. Matyushkin, 1998)
调查时间(年) Time (year) | 虎捕食的猎物的比例 Prey percent for the Amur tiger | 调查方法 Methods | 原始数据来源 Original data source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
野猪 Wild boar | 鹿 Red deer | 狍子 Roe deer | |||
1946-1947 | 主要 Primary | 次要 Secondary | 次要 Secondary | 野外调查 Field survey | Rakov, |
1958-1963 | 主要 Primary | 次要 Secondary | 次要 Secondary | 野外调查 Field survey | Rakov, |
1969-1971 | 56% | 27% | 6% | 野外调查 Field survey | Kucherenko, |
1969-1973 | 54% | 25% | - | 野外调查 Field survey | Yudakov, |
1977-1978 | 次要 Secondary | 主要 Primary | 次要 Secondary | 野外跟踪调查4只虎 Tracing 4 tigers in the field | Pikunov, |
1993 | 35% | 50% | - | 无线电项圈 Radiotracking | Miquelle et al., |
1962-1977 | - | 72.6% | - | 野外调查 Field survey | Matyushkin, |
1992-1994 | 29.5% | 54.3% | - | 无线电项圈 Radiotracking | Miquelle et al., |
1993-1994 | 36% | 57% | - | 航空调查 Aerial survey | Myslenkov & Miquelle, |
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