中国草地生物多样性监测网络的指标体系及实施方案

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12134

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建立生物多样性监测网络是生物多样性保护和研究的基础, 在一些发达国家相关的工作已经比较完善, 我国森林生物多样性监测的网络也已经初具规模(http://www.cfbiodiv.org/), 而国家尺度上的草地生物多样性监测网络尚未建设。我国草地面积广, 野生动植物资源丰富, 对环境因子变化响应敏感且受人类活动干扰的影响较为强烈。建立国家尺度上的草地生物多样性监测网络, 对于揭示我国草地生物多样性资源现状, 研究其变化规律与机制, 监督和指导保护实践至关重要。作者在借鉴国外监测指标体系的基础上, 结合我国的草地资源和利用现状, 从整合政策和科学两方面的需求, 并考虑监测指标遴选及其空间异质性和检出概率, 结合拟探讨的具体科学问题, 提出了我国草地生物多样性监测与研究网络的指标体系和具体监测方案。该方案以草地植物多样性研究为核心, 兼顾草地生态系统健康和功能, 包含3类27项82个具体指标, 并给出了监测样地选取与设置的方案, 以及每个指标的野外监测方法与数据获取途径。最后, 作者以2012年在内蒙古的一个调查样地为例, 简要阐述了野外工作流程和注意事项, 并展示了部分野外调查结果。

关键词: 草原生态系统, 生物多样性, 监测网络, 指标体系, 监测方法

Abstract

A biodiversity monitoring network is fundamental to biodiversity research and successful conservation practice. Many developed countries have established national or even continental scale biodiversity monitoring networks, covering a wide range of natural and semi-natural ecosystems. In China, the only biodiversity monitoring network that currently exists is the Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network (CForBio, http://www.cfbiodiv.org/), which was founded in 2004. Grassland ecosystems, which cover 41.7% of the total land area of China, are most sensitive to environmental changes and have long been subject to overgrazing and other human disturbances, resulting in widespread deterioration of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is essential, therefore, to establish a Chinese grassland biodiversity monitoring network to investigate the current status of Chinese grasslands, the pressure and/or drivers of changes in biodiversity, and to provide guidance on their restoration and conservation practices. Based on the successful experiences of other international biodiversity monitoring networks and the natural grassland conditions in China, we propose a national grassland biodiversity monitoring and research network, which includes the overarching objectives and scientific questions, indicators, methodology issues, and a case study in the Inner Mongolia grassland.

Key words: grassland ecosystem, biodiversity monitoring and research network, indicators, methodology

万宏伟, 潘庆民, 白永飞 (2013) 中国草地生物多样性监测网络的指标体系及实施方案. 生物多样性, 21, 639-650. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12134.

Hongwei Wan,Qingmin Pan,Yongfei Bai (2013) China grassland biodiversity monitoring network: indicators and implementation plan. Biodiversity Science, 21, 639-650. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12134.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12134

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2013/V21/I6/639

图/表 6

参考文献 34

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序号 No.	监测项 Parameters	具体指标 Indicators	获取途径 Sources	空间尺度 Spatial scale/level
1	植物群落的物种组成 Species composition of plant community	植物物种名录 Plant species list	野外观测(样方) Field observation (quadrats)	样地和景观尺度 Plot (1 ha) and landscape (25 ha)
2	植物物种多度 Abundance	物种的地上生物量和个体密度 Aboveground biomass and species density		景观尺度 Landscape
3	植物群落的盖度 Coverage	冠层盖度 Canopy coverage		景观尺度 Landscape
4	种-面积关系 Species-area relationship	物种名录 Species list	野外观测 Field observation	样地尺度 Plot
5	物种的点格局分析 Point pattern analysis	个体的空间位置 Position of individuals	野外观测 Field observation	样地尺度 Plot
6	植物功能性状 Plant functional traits	植株高度、茎叶比、比叶面积、单叶重、单叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量、叶磷含量 Height, leaf stem ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight, leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf phosphorus content	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	物种水平 Species
6	植物功能性状 Plant functional traits	生长型、生活史策略、光合途径、固氮能力、克隆生长特性、根系结构和子叶类型 Growth form, life history strategies, photosynthetic pathways, nitrogen fixation ability, clonal growth characteristics, root structure and cotyledon types	文献检索 Literature	物种水平 Species
7	植物种库 Plant species pool	物种名录 Species list	野外观测(样带) Field observations (transects)	景观尺度 Landscape
8	植物多样性 Plant diversity	α、β、γ多样性, 物种丰富度、物种均匀度、物种多样性、功能多样性、谱系多样性 α, β, γ diversity, species richness, species evenness, species diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity	基于本表1、2、6、7项计算获得 Calculated based on parameters 1, 2, 6, 7	样地、景观、区域到国家尺度 Plot, landscape, regional to national
9	哺乳动物多样性 Mammal diversity	珍稀、濒危动物的有无 Presence or absence of rare and endangered species	社会调研 Social investigation	区域尺度 Regional
10	微生物多样性 Microbial diversity	分类操作单元 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
11	昆虫多样性 Insect diversity	种数和个体数 Number of species and individuals	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
12	鸟类的多样性 Bird diversity	种数和个体数 Number of species and individuals	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
13	蝴蝶的多样性 Butterfly diversity	种数和个体数 Number of species and individuals	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
14	蝗灾的状况 Locust outbreak	蝗虫个体的数量 Number of locust individuals	野外观测 Field observation	样地尺度 Plot
15	鼠害的状况 Rodent damage	鼠洞和土丘的密度 Density of rat holes and mounds	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
16	净初级生产力 Net primary production	地上、地下净初级生产力 Aboveground and belowground net primary production	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
17	土壤碳、氮、磷储量 Soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus stocks	土壤容重、土壤碳氮磷含量 Soil bulk density and soil C, N, P content	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
18	水土保持力 Soil and water conservation	裸地面积、凋落物量及凋落物覆盖度、植被盖度 Bare soil proportion, litter mass and coverage, and vegetation coverage	野外观测、取样和室内分析 Field observation, sampling and laboratory analysis	样地和景观尺度 Plot and landscape scale
19	地下水供给 Groundwater supply	地下水水位及水质 Groundwater level and quality	野外测量、取样和室内分析 Field observation, sampling and laboratory analysis	景观到区域尺度Landscape to regional
20	气象因子 Meteorological factors	降水、气温、年潜在蒸散量、年实际蒸散量、年总太阳辐射、年光和有效辐射、积温 Precipitation, temperature, annual potential evapotranspiration, annual actual evapotranspiration, annual total solar radiation, annual effective radiation, and annual accumulated temperature	气象站实测、模型插值Meteorological station measurement and model interpolation	景观尺度 Landscape
21	其他环境变化因子 Other environmental change factors	大气CO₂分压、氮沉降量、酸沉降量 CO₂ partial pressure, acid and nitrogen deposition	地面实测、模型计算和预测 Direct measurement and Interpolation	景观到区域尺度Landscape toregional
22	土壤理化性质 Soil physical and chemical properties	土壤类型、质地、酸碱度、有机质含量、持水量 Soil type, texture, pH, organic matter content, water holding capacity	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
23	地形因素 Topography	坡向、坡度、地表起伏度、地表粗糙度 Aspect, slope, surface waviness and roughness	通过DEM数据计算获得 Derived from DEM data	样地和景观尺度 Plot and landscape
24	土地利用 Land use	土地利用类型、土地利用强度、土地利用历史 Types, intensity and history of land use	遥感、社调和文献检索 Remote sensing, social investigation and literature	景观到区域尺度Landscape to regional
24	土地利用 Land use	家畜(牛马羊)粪便密度 Livestock (sheep, horse, cattle) manure density	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
25	社会经济因素Socio-economic factors	人口数量、生活来源、人均收入 Population, source of income, per capita income	社会调研和年鉴统计资料检索 Social investigation and annual books	区域尺度 Regional
26	景观因素 Landscape factors	生境破碎化程度 Degree of habitat fragmentation	遥感 Remote sensing	区域尺度 Regional
27	地史进化因素 Geohistory and evolutionary factors	地质历史和进化历史 Geological and evolutionary history	文献检索、谱系分析 Literature, phylogenetic analysis	区域尺度 Regional

序号 No.	监测项 Parameters	具体指标 Indicators	获取途径 Sources	空间尺度 Spatial scale/level
1	植物群落的物种组成 Species composition of plant community	植物物种名录 Plant species list	野外观测(样方) Field observation (quadrats)	样地和景观尺度 Plot (1 ha) and landscape (25 ha)
2	植物物种多度 Abundance	物种的地上生物量和个体密度 Aboveground biomass and species density		景观尺度 Landscape
3	植物群落的盖度 Coverage	冠层盖度 Canopy coverage		景观尺度 Landscape
4	种-面积关系 Species-area relationship	物种名录 Species list	野外观测 Field observation	样地尺度 Plot
5	物种的点格局分析 Point pattern analysis	个体的空间位置 Position of individuals	野外观测 Field observation	样地尺度 Plot
6	植物功能性状 Plant functional traits	植株高度、茎叶比、比叶面积、单叶重、单叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量、叶磷含量 Height, leaf stem ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight, leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf phosphorus content	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	物种水平 Species
6	植物功能性状 Plant functional traits	生长型、生活史策略、光合途径、固氮能力、克隆生长特性、根系结构和子叶类型 Growth form, life history strategies, photosynthetic pathways, nitrogen fixation ability, clonal growth characteristics, root structure and cotyledon types	文献检索 Literature	物种水平 Species
7	植物种库 Plant species pool	物种名录 Species list	野外观测(样带) Field observations (transects)	景观尺度 Landscape
8	植物多样性 Plant diversity	α、β、γ多样性, 物种丰富度、物种均匀度、物种多样性、功能多样性、谱系多样性 α, β, γ diversity, species richness, species evenness, species diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity	基于本表1、2、6、7项计算获得 Calculated based on parameters 1, 2, 6, 7	样地、景观、区域到国家尺度 Plot, landscape, regional to national
9	哺乳动物多样性 Mammal diversity	珍稀、濒危动物的有无 Presence or absence of rare and endangered species	社会调研 Social investigation	区域尺度 Regional
10	微生物多样性 Microbial diversity	分类操作单元 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
11	昆虫多样性 Insect diversity	种数和个体数 Number of species and individuals	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
12	鸟类的多样性 Bird diversity	种数和个体数 Number of species and individuals	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
13	蝴蝶的多样性 Butterfly diversity	种数和个体数 Number of species and individuals	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
14	蝗灾的状况 Locust outbreak	蝗虫个体的数量 Number of locust individuals	野外观测 Field observation	样地尺度 Plot
15	鼠害的状况 Rodent damage	鼠洞和土丘的密度 Density of rat holes and mounds	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
16	净初级生产力 Net primary production	地上、地下净初级生产力 Aboveground and belowground net primary production	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
17	土壤碳、氮、磷储量 Soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus stocks	土壤容重、土壤碳氮磷含量 Soil bulk density and soil C, N, P content	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
18	水土保持力 Soil and water conservation	裸地面积、凋落物量及凋落物覆盖度、植被盖度 Bare soil proportion, litter mass and coverage, and vegetation coverage	野外观测、取样和室内分析 Field observation, sampling and laboratory analysis	样地和景观尺度 Plot and landscape scale
19	地下水供给 Groundwater supply	地下水水位及水质 Groundwater level and quality	野外测量、取样和室内分析 Field observation, sampling and laboratory analysis	景观到区域尺度Landscape to regional
20	气象因子 Meteorological factors	降水、气温、年潜在蒸散量、年实际蒸散量、年总太阳辐射、年光和有效辐射、积温 Precipitation, temperature, annual potential evapotranspiration, annual actual evapotranspiration, annual total solar radiation, annual effective radiation, and annual accumulated temperature	气象站实测、模型插值Meteorological station measurement and model interpolation	景观尺度 Landscape
21	其他环境变化因子 Other environmental change factors	大气CO₂分压、氮沉降量、酸沉降量 CO₂ partial pressure, acid and nitrogen deposition	地面实测、模型计算和预测 Direct measurement and Interpolation	景观到区域尺度Landscape toregional
22	土壤理化性质 Soil physical and chemical properties	土壤类型、质地、酸碱度、有机质含量、持水量 Soil type, texture, pH, organic matter content, water holding capacity	野外取样和室内分析 Field sampling and laboratory analysis	样地尺度 Plot
23	地形因素 Topography	坡向、坡度、地表起伏度、地表粗糙度 Aspect, slope, surface waviness and roughness	通过DEM数据计算获得 Derived from DEM data	样地和景观尺度 Plot and landscape
24	土地利用 Land use	土地利用类型、土地利用强度、土地利用历史 Types, intensity and history of land use	遥感、社调和文献检索 Remote sensing, social investigation and literature	景观到区域尺度Landscape to regional
24	土地利用 Land use	家畜(牛马羊)粪便密度 Livestock (sheep, horse, cattle) manure density	野外观测 Field observation	景观尺度 Landscape
25	社会经济因素Socio-economic factors	人口数量、生活来源、人均收入 Population, source of income, per capita income	社会调研和年鉴统计资料检索 Social investigation and annual books	区域尺度 Regional
26	景观因素 Landscape factors	生境破碎化程度 Degree of habitat fragmentation	遥感 Remote sensing	区域尺度 Regional
27	地史进化因素 Geohistory and evolutionary factors	地质历史和进化历史 Geological and evolutionary history	文献检索、谱系分析 Literature, phylogenetic analysis	区域尺度 Regional

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