铜尾矿复垦地与外围林地土壤动物群落结构

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤动物群落结构及其多样性对于尾矿地的生态重建具有重要意义。为了解铜尾矿复垦地土壤动物群落多样性及其结构特征, 作者选择铜陵市林冲尾矿复垦地(reclamated copper-mine-tailings)及其外围林地(suburb forest land), 于2011年春季设置4条样带13个样方, 分4层(0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm)进行土壤动物取样。结果表明, 复垦地优势类群为蜱螨目、弹尾目和线虫纲, 常见类群为蚁科、鞘翅目幼虫、寡毛纲、双翅目幼虫和双尾目等; 而外围林地优势类群为弹尾目和蜱螨目, 常见类群为线虫纲和寡毛纲等。复垦地土壤动物个体总数、类群数和中小型土壤动物密度皆明显低于外围林地, 而大型土壤动物密度无显著差异。复垦地土壤动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)较外围林地大, 而密度-类群多样性指数偏小。复垦地土壤动物群落的表聚现象更明显, 尤其表现在土壤剖面第一层和其他层次之间的差异性。RDA排序分析表明, 不同生境中大型、中小型干生和湿生土壤动物类群对不同环境因子的响应有区别, 复垦地蚁科和鞘翅目成虫个体数随Cu含量增加而增加, 弹尾目和蜱螨目随Cu含量增加而减少, 线虫纲变化不明显。复垦地土壤动物恢复的关键是降低Cu含量及改善小生境条件。

关键词: 土壤动物, 铜污染, RDA分析, 铜陵市

Abstract

Soil fauna were very important for the ecological reconstruction of mine tailings. We investigated community characteristics of soil fauna at two sites, including reclamated copper-mine-tailings (RCMT) and suburb forest land of reclamated copper-mine-tailings (SFL) in Tongling City to test and illustrate the value of soil fauna for mitigating the impacts of heavy metal pollution. In the spring of 2011, we established four transects (150 m) at the two sites and collected soil samples of macro-, meso- and micro- soil fauna from four depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm) at 13 30 cm× 30 cm sampling quadrats. Our results showed that at RCMT, the Acarina, Collembola and Nematoda were dominant groups; the Formicidae, Coleoptera larvae, Oligochaeta, Diptera larvae and Diplura were frequent groups; and the additional 16 groups were less commonly encountered. While at SFL the Collembola and Acarina were dominant groups and the Nematoda and Oligochaeta were frequent groups. Overall abundance of soil fauna at RCMT were significantly less than that of SFL (F=20.65, P<0.01), and number of faunal groups were lower at RCMT (F=5.88, P<0.05). We did not find a significant difference between the density of macro-soil fauna at RCMT and SFL, but found that the density of meso- and micro- soil fauna at RCMT was significantly lower than that of SFL (F=29.99, P<0.01). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) at RCMT was higher than that of SFL (F=24.06, P<0.01), but DG diversity index was lower at RCMT compared to SFL (F=4.75, P<0.05). There was evident surface aggregation of soil fauna at RCMT, especially in the differences between the first layer and the other layers of the soil profile (F_ind.=17.80, F_gro.=33.33, P<0.01). Redundancy analysis indicated that soil macro-, dry-type, wet-type meso- and micro-fauna at different habitats were differentially affected by various environmental factors. At reclaimed land with higher copper concentrations, we found a higher greater number of Formicidae and Coleoptera and lower numbers of Collembola and Acarina adults. Our study suggests that the key of soil fauna recovery at reclaimed lands is to reduce the content of Cu and improve the microhabitat conditions.

Key words: soil fauna, copper pollution, redundancy analysis, Tongling

朱永恒, 张小会, 沈非, 陆林 (2012) 铜尾矿复垦地与外围林地土壤动物群落结构. 生物多样性, 20, 725-734. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103.

Yongheng Zhu, Xiaohui Zhang, Fei Shen, Lin Lu (2012) Community structures of soil fauna in reclaimed copper mine tailings and suburb forest land. Biodiversity Science, 20, 725-734. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2012/V20/I6/725

图/表 7

参考文献 41

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类群 Groups	类型 Type	复垦地土壤动物密度 Density in reclamated copper-mine-tailings (ind./m²)	外围林地土壤动物密度 Density in suburb forest land (ind./m²)	复垦地土壤动物个体数 Number of individual in reclamated copper- mine-tailings (%)	外围林地土壤动物个体数 Number of individual in suburb forest land (%)
弹尾目 Collembola (Coll.)	中小型干生	7,129.6±543.6 ^B	30,292.2±2,608.3 ^A	385 (24.39)	727 (46.16)
蜱螨目 Acarina (Acar.)	中小型干生	8,240.7±409.3 ^b	21,041.7±1,919.9 ^a	445 (28.18)	505 (32.06)
线虫纲 Nematoda (Nema.)	中小型湿生	43,111.1±3,872.7 ^a	72,500.0±6,366.1 ^a	194 (12.29)	145 (9.21)
蚁科 Formicidae (Form.)	大型	156.8±31.5 ^a	27.8±6.3 ^b	127 (8.05)	10 (0.64)
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta (Olig.)	大型	90.1±21.2 ^a	163.9±33.6 ^a	73 (4.62)	59 (3.75)
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larvae (Cole-la.)	中小型湿生	1,629.6±240.8 ^a	875.0±56.3 ^a	88 (5.58)	21 (1.33)
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larvae (Dipt-la.)	中小型湿生	796.3±64.9 ^a	958.3±80.7 ^a	43 (2.72)	23 (1.46)
双尾目 Diplura (Dipl.)	中小型干生	49.4±8.9 ^a	25.0±5.6 ^a	40 (2.53)	9 (0.57)
蜘蛛目 Araneae (Aran.)	大型	45.7±13.8 ^a	8.3±0.0 ^a	37 (2.34)	4 (0.26)
猛水蚤目 Harpacticoida (Harp.)	中小型湿生	5,555.6±954.1 ^a	6,000±735.9 ^a	25 (1.58)	12 (0.76)
鞘翅目成虫 Coleoptera adult (Cole.)	大型	33.3±14.7 ^a	13.9±5.0 ^a	27 (1.71)	5 (0.32)
隐翅虫科 Staphylinidae (Stap.)	大型	25.9±7.3 ^a	5.6±0.0 ^a	21 (1.33)	2 (0.13)
综合纲 Symphyla (Symp.)	中小型干生	12.3±2.8 ^a	19.4±0.0 ^a	10 (0.63)	7 (0.45)
腹足纲 Gastropoda (Gast.)	大型	18.5±2.6 ^a	2.8±1.0 ^b	15 (0.95)	1 (0.06)
原尾目 Protura (Prot.)	中小型干生	37.0±7.7 ^b	333.3±0.0 ^a	2 (0.13)	8 (0.51)
地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha (Geop.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^B	25.0±4.9 ^A	0 (0.00)	10 (0.64)
石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorpha (Lith.)	大型	7.4±0.0 ^a	8.3±4.6 ^a	6 (0.38)	3 (0.19)
盲蛛目 Odiliones (Odil.)	大型	9.9±1.6 ^a	0.0±0.0 ^b	8 (0.51)	0 (0.00)
倍足纲 Diplopoda (Dipl.)	大型	4.9±2.0 ^a	8.3±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	6 (0.38)
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpionida (Pseu.)	中小型干生	1.2±0.0 ^b	13.9±4.6 ^a	4 (0.25)	3 (0.19)
等足目 Isopoda (Isop.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^b	11.1±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	4 (0.25)
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larvae (Lepi-la.)	中小型湿生	55.6±0.0 ^a	41.7±11.9 ^a	3 (0.19)	1 (0.06)
半翅目 Hemiptera (Hemi.)	大型	1.2±0.0 ^a	5.6±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	2 (0.13)
直翅目 Orthptera (Orth.)	大型	1.2±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	1 (0.06)
蜚蠊目 Blattodea (Blat.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^a	5.6±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	2 (0.13)
涡虫纲 Turbellaria (Turb.)	中小型湿生	1.2±0.0 ^a	0.0±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	0 (0.00)
线蚓科 Enchytraediae (Ench.)	中小型干生	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
等翅目 Isoptera (Isop.)	中小型干生	1.2±0.0 ^a	0.0±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	0 (0.00)
蜂科 Apoidea (Apoi.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
双翅目成虫 Diptera adult (Dipt.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
缨尾目 Thysanura (Thys.)	中小型干生	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
虫卵 Egg	-	25.9±7.2 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	21 (1.34)	1 (0.06)
合计 Sum	-	-	-	1,579 (100.00)	1,575 (100.00)

类群 Groups	类型 Type	复垦地土壤动物密度 Density in reclamated copper-mine-tailings (ind./m²)	外围林地土壤动物密度 Density in suburb forest land (ind./m²)	复垦地土壤动物个体数 Number of individual in reclamated copper- mine-tailings (%)	外围林地土壤动物个体数 Number of individual in suburb forest land (%)
弹尾目 Collembola (Coll.)	中小型干生	7,129.6±543.6 ^B	30,292.2±2,608.3 ^A	385 (24.39)	727 (46.16)
蜱螨目 Acarina (Acar.)	中小型干生	8,240.7±409.3 ^b	21,041.7±1,919.9 ^a	445 (28.18)	505 (32.06)
线虫纲 Nematoda (Nema.)	中小型湿生	43,111.1±3,872.7 ^a	72,500.0±6,366.1 ^a	194 (12.29)	145 (9.21)
蚁科 Formicidae (Form.)	大型	156.8±31.5 ^a	27.8±6.3 ^b	127 (8.05)	10 (0.64)
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta (Olig.)	大型	90.1±21.2 ^a	163.9±33.6 ^a	73 (4.62)	59 (3.75)
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larvae (Cole-la.)	中小型湿生	1,629.6±240.8 ^a	875.0±56.3 ^a	88 (5.58)	21 (1.33)
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larvae (Dipt-la.)	中小型湿生	796.3±64.9 ^a	958.3±80.7 ^a	43 (2.72)	23 (1.46)
双尾目 Diplura (Dipl.)	中小型干生	49.4±8.9 ^a	25.0±5.6 ^a	40 (2.53)	9 (0.57)
蜘蛛目 Araneae (Aran.)	大型	45.7±13.8 ^a	8.3±0.0 ^a	37 (2.34)	4 (0.26)
猛水蚤目 Harpacticoida (Harp.)	中小型湿生	5,555.6±954.1 ^a	6,000±735.9 ^a	25 (1.58)	12 (0.76)
鞘翅目成虫 Coleoptera adult (Cole.)	大型	33.3±14.7 ^a	13.9±5.0 ^a	27 (1.71)	5 (0.32)
隐翅虫科 Staphylinidae (Stap.)	大型	25.9±7.3 ^a	5.6±0.0 ^a	21 (1.33)	2 (0.13)
综合纲 Symphyla (Symp.)	中小型干生	12.3±2.8 ^a	19.4±0.0 ^a	10 (0.63)	7 (0.45)
腹足纲 Gastropoda (Gast.)	大型	18.5±2.6 ^a	2.8±1.0 ^b	15 (0.95)	1 (0.06)
原尾目 Protura (Prot.)	中小型干生	37.0±7.7 ^b	333.3±0.0 ^a	2 (0.13)	8 (0.51)
地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha (Geop.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^B	25.0±4.9 ^A	0 (0.00)	10 (0.64)
石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorpha (Lith.)	大型	7.4±0.0 ^a	8.3±4.6 ^a	6 (0.38)	3 (0.19)
盲蛛目 Odiliones (Odil.)	大型	9.9±1.6 ^a	0.0±0.0 ^b	8 (0.51)	0 (0.00)
倍足纲 Diplopoda (Dipl.)	大型	4.9±2.0 ^a	8.3±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	6 (0.38)
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpionida (Pseu.)	中小型干生	1.2±0.0 ^b	13.9±4.6 ^a	4 (0.25)	3 (0.19)
等足目 Isopoda (Isop.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^b	11.1±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	4 (0.25)
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larvae (Lepi-la.)	中小型湿生	55.6±0.0 ^a	41.7±11.9 ^a	3 (0.19)	1 (0.06)
半翅目 Hemiptera (Hemi.)	大型	1.2±0.0 ^a	5.6±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	2 (0.13)
直翅目 Orthptera (Orth.)	大型	1.2±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	1 (0.06)
蜚蠊目 Blattodea (Blat.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^a	5.6±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	2 (0.13)
涡虫纲 Turbellaria (Turb.)	中小型湿生	1.2±0.0 ^a	0.0±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	0 (0.00)
线蚓科 Enchytraediae (Ench.)	中小型干生	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
等翅目 Isoptera (Isop.)	中小型干生	1.2±0.0 ^a	0.0±0.0 ^a	1 (0.06)	0 (0.00)
蜂科 Apoidea (Apoi.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
双翅目成虫 Diptera adult (Dipt.)	大型	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
缨尾目 Thysanura (Thys.)	中小型干生	0.0±0.0 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	0 (0.00)	1 (0.06)
虫卵 Egg	-	25.9±7.2 ^a	2.8±0.0 ^a	21 (1.34)	1 (0.06)
合计 Sum	-	-	-	1,579 (100.00)	1,575 (100.00)

指标 Indices	铜尾矿复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings	外围林地 Suburb forest land	F值 F value
类群数 Number of groups	15 ^b	18 ^a	5.88
大型土壤动物密度 Density of soil macrofauna (ind./m²)	638 ^a	475 ^a	0.33
中小型土壤动物密度 Density of soil meso- and micro- fauna (× 10⁴ inds./m²)	1.82 ^B	5.40 ^A	29.99
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	0.8420 ^A	0.5952 ^B	24.06
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	0.7197 ^A	0.4714 ^B	35.90
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index	0.2049 ^B	0.4081 ^A	29.31
密度-类群指数 DG index	1.8344 ^b	2.6321 ^a	4.75

指标 Indices	铜尾矿复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings	外围林地 Suburb forest land	F值 F value
类群数 Number of groups	15 ^b	18 ^a	5.88
大型土壤动物密度 Density of soil macrofauna (ind./m²)	638 ^a	475 ^a	0.33
中小型土壤动物密度 Density of soil meso- and micro- fauna (× 10⁴ inds./m²)	1.82 ^B	5.40 ^A	29.99
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	0.8420 ^A	0.5952 ^B	24.06
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	0.7197 ^A	0.4714 ^B	35.90
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index	0.2049 ^B	0.4081 ^A	29.31
密度-类群指数 DG index	1.8344 ^b	2.6321 ^a	4.75

	个体总数 Number of individuals		类群数 Number of groups
	复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings	外围林地 Suburb forest land	复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings	外围林地 Suburb forest land
0-5 cm	117.78^a,A	172.00 ^a,A	12.00^a,A	12.50^a,A
5-10 cm	46.00^b,B	93.00 ^ab,AB	7.78^b,B	9.25^ab,AB
10-15 cm	27.22^b,B	51.75 ^b,AB	5.78^c,BC	7.00^bc,B
15-20 cm	23.33^b,B	26.75 ^b,B	3.78^d,C	5.25^c,B
F值 F value	17.80	4.27	33.33	6.86