生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (10): 1276-1285. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019378
吴淼1,2,*(), 郝韵1,2, 张小云1, 王丽贤1, 贺晶晶1,2, 段光正3
收稿日期:
2019-12-28
接受日期:
2020-03-18
出版日期:
2020-10-20
发布日期:
2020-10-20
通讯作者:
吴淼
作者简介:
E-mail: wm_xj@126.com基金资助:
Miao Wu1,2,*(), Yun Hao1,2, Xiaoyun Zhang1, Lixian Wang1, Jingjing He1,2, Guangzheng Duan3
Received:
2019-12-28
Accepted:
2020-03-18
Online:
2020-10-20
Published:
2020-10-20
Contact:
Miao Wu
摘要:
哈萨克斯坦位于欧亚大陆腹地, 地处丝绸之路经济带的重要位置。中国与哈萨克斯坦开展生物多样性保护合作, 有助于解决地区生态环境问题和推动“一带一路”倡议的顺利实施。目前国内尚缺乏对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护状况的了解。本文在文献的基础上通过定量和定性分析方法, 从地理环境特征、生物多样性状况、保护成效和需求等维度对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护的总体情况进行了分析。分析结果表明, 哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性丰富, 但也存在着较严重的丧失问题; 哈萨克斯坦政府重视生物多样性保护, 积极承担相关国际履约义务; 在保护管理方面实行多级管理体制, 并与社会经济发展需求相结合, 取得了一定成效。
吴淼, 郝韵, 张小云, 王丽贤, 贺晶晶, 段光正 (2020) 哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议. 生物多样性, 28, 1276-1285. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019378.
Miao Wu, Yun Hao, Xiaoyun Zhang, Lixian Wang, Jingjing He, Guangzheng Duan (2020) Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan. Biodiversity Science, 28, 1276-1285. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019378.
生态系统类型 Ecosystem type | 空间分布 Spatial distribution | 主要植物类群 Main plants | 主要动物类群 Main animals | 景观变化特征 Landscape change |
---|---|---|---|---|
森林草原 Forest steppe | 哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 104 ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 104 ha) | 森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs | 啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds | 变化不大 Slightly changed |
草原 Steppe | 48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 108 ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 108 ha) | 旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs | 草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds | 农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged |
荒漠 Desert | 从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 108 ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 108 ha) | 荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes | 啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds | 荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification |
山地 Mountain land | 东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 108 ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 108 ha) | 乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation | 哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals | 西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain |
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean | 河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea) | 山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc. | 水鸟等 waterfowls | 三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea |
表1 哈萨克斯坦自然生态系统多样性概况
Table 1 The situation of ecosystem diversity in Kazakhstan
生态系统类型 Ecosystem type | 空间分布 Spatial distribution | 主要植物类群 Main plants | 主要动物类群 Main animals | 景观变化特征 Landscape change |
---|---|---|---|---|
森林草原 Forest steppe | 哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 104 ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 104 ha) | 森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs | 啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds | 变化不大 Slightly changed |
草原 Steppe | 48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 108 ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 108 ha) | 旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs | 草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds | 农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged |
荒漠 Desert | 从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 108 ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 108 ha) | 荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes | 啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds | 荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification |
山地 Mountain land | 东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 108 ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 108 ha) | 乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation | 哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals | 西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain |
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean | 河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea) | 山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc. | 水鸟等 waterfowls | 三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea |
植物多样性 Plant diversity | 种数 Species no. | 动物多样性 Animal diversity | 种数 Species no. |
---|---|---|---|
高等植物 Higher plants | 5,754 | 脊椎动物 Vertebrate | 890 |
低等植物 Lower plants | 8,000 | 无脊椎动物 Invertebrate | 100,000 |
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants | 600 (404*) | 珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals | 224 (128**) |
外来种 Exotic species | 500 | 外来种 Exotic species | - |
总计 Total | > 13,000 | 总计 Total | > 100,000 |
表2 哈萨克斯坦物种多样性概况
Table 2 The situation of biodiversity in Kazakhstan
植物多样性 Plant diversity | 种数 Species no. | 动物多样性 Animal diversity | 种数 Species no. |
---|---|---|---|
高等植物 Higher plants | 5,754 | 脊椎动物 Vertebrate | 890 |
低等植物 Lower plants | 8,000 | 无脊椎动物 Invertebrate | 100,000 |
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants | 600 (404*) | 珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals | 224 (128**) |
外来种 Exotic species | 500 | 外来种 Exotic species | - |
总计 Total | > 13,000 | 总计 Total | > 100,000 |
类别 Category | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
特别自然保护区总面积 Total area of special nature reserves ( × 103 ha) | 23,873.2 | 23,873.2 | 24,018.8 | 24,428.7 | 24,428.7 |
各类保护区所占比例 Proportion of various types of protected areas (%) | |||||
综合自然保护区(严控的自然保留地和野生环境) Comprehensive nature reserves (strictly controlled natural reserves and natural environments) (%) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
自然保留地 Natural reserve (%) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
国家公园 National park (%) | 10 | 10 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.3 |
植物园 Botanical garden (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
地区级自然公园 Regional natural park (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
自然纪念地 Natural monument (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
物种或栖息地管理区(禁伐禁猎区等) Species or habitat management area (zone forbidden to tree cutting and hunting) (%) | 72.8 | 72.8 | 72.4 | 71.2 | 71.2 |
表3 2013-2017年哈萨克斯坦各类特别自然保护区面积分布
Table 3 The areas of special nature reserves in Kazakhstan between 2013 and 2017
类别 Category | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
特别自然保护区总面积 Total area of special nature reserves ( × 103 ha) | 23,873.2 | 23,873.2 | 24,018.8 | 24,428.7 | 24,428.7 |
各类保护区所占比例 Proportion of various types of protected areas (%) | |||||
综合自然保护区(严控的自然保留地和野生环境) Comprehensive nature reserves (strictly controlled natural reserves and natural environments) (%) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
自然保留地 Natural reserve (%) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
国家公园 National park (%) | 10 | 10 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.3 |
植物园 Botanical garden (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
地区级自然公园 Regional natural park (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
自然纪念地 Natural monument (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
物种或栖息地管理区(禁伐禁猎区等) Species or habitat management area (zone forbidden to tree cutting and hunting) (%) | 72.8 | 72.8 | 72.4 | 71.2 | 71.2 |
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