生物多样性 ›› 2017, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (9): 990-998. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017119
雷启义1,2, 周江菊2, 罗静2, 张文华2, 孙军2, 龙春林1,3,*()
收稿日期:
2017-04-13
接受日期:
2017-06-30
出版日期:
2017-09-20
发布日期:
2017-10-04
通讯作者:
龙春林
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
Qiyi Lei1,2, Jiangju Zhou2, Jing Luo2, Wenhua Zhang2, Jun Sun2, Chunlin Long1,3,*()
Received:
2017-04-13
Accepted:
2017-06-30
Online:
2017-09-20
Published:
2017-10-04
Contact:
Long Chunlin
About author:
# Co-first authors
摘要:
香禾糯是侗族地区广泛种植并具有重要意义的一类糯稻农家品种。探讨香禾糯地方品种多样性变化的历史与现实问题, 有利于及时制定与侗族地区经济和传统文化发展相适应的香禾糯种质资源保护策略和措施。本研究运用民族植物学、文化人类学、生态学等多学科综合研究方法, 自2005年以来, 对贵州侗族地区香禾糯品种多样性的变化情况进行了为期12年的调查和统计。结果表明, 历史上香禾糯在侗族地区的栽培和利用非常普遍, 但从清雍正年间至新中国成立初期, 贵州侗族地区经历了3次大型的“糯改粘”运动, 导致香禾糯种植面积和品种数量大幅度减少; 目前黎平、从江和榕江县侗族地区香禾糯品种大约为100个, 比20世纪80年代初调查到的363个品种减少了72.5%, 即使在黄岗、高仟等香禾糯种植传统保持相对较好的侗族村寨, 其种植面积和品种数量也减少了50%以上, 而且这种减少趋势越来越严重。香禾糯品种减少的重要原因是杂交稻的大面积推广, 而近年来随着侗族地区社会、经济和文化等方面的快速发展与变迁, 香禾糯品种多样性正在面临新一轮的冲击, 消失速度加快。香禾糯的多样性维系与侗族的生产生活和传统文化关系密切, 需要及时采取措施加以保护。
雷启义, 周江菊, 罗静, 张文华, 孙军, 龙春林 (2017) 贵州侗族地区香禾糯品种多样性的变化. 生物多样性, 25, 990-998. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017119.
Qiyi Lei, Jiangju Zhou, Jing Luo, Wenhua Zhang, Jun Sun, Chunlin Long (2017) Changes in the numbers of Kam fragrant glutinous rice varieties in the Dong regions of Guizhou Province. Biodiversity Science, 25, 990-998. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017119.
时间 Time | 粘稻 No-glutinous rice (%) | 糯稻 Glutinous rice (%) | 重要事件 Notable event | 数据来源 Data source* |
---|---|---|---|---|
明朝时期 Ming Dynasty | 少量的 Small amount | 大量的 Large amount | ① | |
清朝时期 Qing Dynasty | 40.0 | 60.0 | 糯改粘期1 The first stage of substitute no-glutinous rice for glutinous rice | ① |
民国时期 Republican period | 60.0 | 40.0 | 糯改粘期2 The second stage of substitute no-glutinous glutinous rice for glutinous rice | ① |
建国初期 Early time of New China | 77.0 | 23.0 | 糯改粘期3 The third stage of substitute no-glutinous rice for glutinous rice | ② |
1990 | 81.0 | 19.0 | ③ | |
2000 | 90.0 | 10.0 | ④ | |
2010 | 93.0 | 7.0 | ④ |
表1 黔东南历代粘稻与糯稻种植面积比例(%)
Table 1 Proportion of plantation areas of no-glutinous rice and glutinous rice in southeast Guizhou
时间 Time | 粘稻 No-glutinous rice (%) | 糯稻 Glutinous rice (%) | 重要事件 Notable event | 数据来源 Data source* |
---|---|---|---|---|
明朝时期 Ming Dynasty | 少量的 Small amount | 大量的 Large amount | ① | |
清朝时期 Qing Dynasty | 40.0 | 60.0 | 糯改粘期1 The first stage of substitute no-glutinous rice for glutinous rice | ① |
民国时期 Republican period | 60.0 | 40.0 | 糯改粘期2 The second stage of substitute no-glutinous glutinous rice for glutinous rice | ① |
建国初期 Early time of New China | 77.0 | 23.0 | 糯改粘期3 The third stage of substitute no-glutinous rice for glutinous rice | ② |
1990 | 81.0 | 19.0 | ③ | |
2000 | 90.0 | 10.0 | ④ | |
2010 | 93.0 | 7.0 | ④ |
黎平县 Liping County | 从江县 Congjiang County | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
时间 Time | 粘稻 No-glutinous rice (%) | 糯稻 Glutinous rice (%) | 时间 Time | 粘稻 No-glutinous rice (%) | 糯稻 Glutinous rice (%) |
1949 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 1955 | 18.0 | 82.0 |
1958 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 1962 | 62.0 | 38.0 |
1962 | 54.0 | 46.0 | 1980 | 45.0 | 55.0 |
1963 | 94.0 | 6.0 | 1991 | 51.0 | 49.0 |
1973 | 71.0 | 29.0 | 1995 | 72.0 | 28.0 |
1980 | 83.0 | 17.0 | 2000 | 88.0 | 12.0 |
2005 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 2005 | 87.0 | 13.0 |
2010 | 90.0 | 10.0 | 2010 | 89.0 | 11.0 |
2013 | 97.0 | 3.0 | 2013 | 91.0 | 9.0 |
2015 | 98.0 | 2.0 | 2015 | 92.0 | 6.0 |
表2 黎平县和从江县历代糯稻种植面积比例
Table 2 Proportion of plantation areas of glutinous rice in Liping and Congjiang counties
黎平县 Liping County | 从江县 Congjiang County | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
时间 Time | 粘稻 No-glutinous rice (%) | 糯稻 Glutinous rice (%) | 时间 Time | 粘稻 No-glutinous rice (%) | 糯稻 Glutinous rice (%) |
1949 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 1955 | 18.0 | 82.0 |
1958 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 1962 | 62.0 | 38.0 |
1962 | 54.0 | 46.0 | 1980 | 45.0 | 55.0 |
1963 | 94.0 | 6.0 | 1991 | 51.0 | 49.0 |
1973 | 71.0 | 29.0 | 1995 | 72.0 | 28.0 |
1980 | 83.0 | 17.0 | 2000 | 88.0 | 12.0 |
2005 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 2005 | 87.0 | 13.0 |
2010 | 90.0 | 10.0 | 2010 | 89.0 | 11.0 |
2013 | 97.0 | 3.0 | 2013 | 91.0 | 9.0 |
2015 | 98.0 | 2.0 | 2015 | 92.0 | 6.0 |
时间 Time | 类别 Category | 黎平县 Liping County | 榕江县 Rongjiang County | 从江县 Congjiang County | 合计 Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981 | 水禾 Aquatic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 2 | 4 | 14 | 20 |
糯 Glutinous | 29 | 81 | 239 | 349 | ||
旱禾 Xerophytic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 1 | 1 | |||
糯 Glutinous | 6 | 8 | 14 | |||
香禾糯 Fragrant glutinous | 29 | 87 | 247 | 363 | ||
2015 | 水禾 Aquatic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
糯 Glutinous | 37 | 6 | 55 | 98 | ||
旱禾 Xerophytic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 1 | 1 | |||
糯 Glutinous | 2 | 2 | 4 | |||
香禾糯 Fragrant glutinous | 37 | 8 | 57 | 102 |
表3 1981年和2015年黎平县、从江县、榕江县“禾”品种数
Table 3 Number of “He” landraces in Liping, Congjiang and Rongjiang counties in 1981 and 2015
时间 Time | 类别 Category | 黎平县 Liping County | 榕江县 Rongjiang County | 从江县 Congjiang County | 合计 Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981 | 水禾 Aquatic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 2 | 4 | 14 | 20 |
糯 Glutinous | 29 | 81 | 239 | 349 | ||
旱禾 Xerophytic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 1 | 1 | |||
糯 Glutinous | 6 | 8 | 14 | |||
香禾糯 Fragrant glutinous | 29 | 87 | 247 | 363 | ||
2015 | 水禾 Aquatic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
糯 Glutinous | 37 | 6 | 55 | 98 | ||
旱禾 Xerophytic He | 粘 Non-glutinous | 1 | 1 | |||
糯 Glutinous | 2 | 2 | 4 | |||
香禾糯 Fragrant glutinous | 37 | 8 | 57 | 102 |
村寨 Village | 记忆品种* Memory variety | 2000 | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黄岗村 Huanggang | 29 | 22 | 20 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 12 |
坑洞村 Kengdong | 21 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
岩洞村 Yandong | 23 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 |
小黄村 Xiaohuang | 18 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 |
占里村 Zhanli | 22 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 6 |
高仟村 Gaoqian | 27 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 13 |
总数 Total | 140 | 98 | 79 | 75 | 67 | 65 | 58 | 48 |
表4 2000-2015年6个主要侗族村寨香禾糯品种数的变化
Table 4 Changes of number of glutinous rice landraces in six main Dong villages from 2000 to 2015
村寨 Village | 记忆品种* Memory variety | 2000 | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黄岗村 Huanggang | 29 | 22 | 20 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 12 |
坑洞村 Kengdong | 21 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
岩洞村 Yandong | 23 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 |
小黄村 Xiaohuang | 18 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 |
占里村 Zhanli | 22 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 6 |
高仟村 Gaoqian | 27 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 13 |
总数 Total | 140 | 98 | 79 | 75 | 67 | 65 | 58 | 48 |
村寨 Village | 人口 Population | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | 外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | 外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | 外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | ||
黄岗村 Huanggang | 1,200 | 30 | 2.5 | 56 | 4.7 | 77 | 6.4 | 110 | 9.2 |
坑洞村 Kengdong | 1,500 | 60 | 4.0 | 120 | 8.0 | 150 | 10.0 | 350 | 23.3 |
岩洞村 Yandong | 6,500 | 300 | 4.6 | 620 | 9.5 | 970 | 14.9 | 1,560 | 24.0 |
小黄村 Xiaohuang | 3,000 | 150 | 5.0 | 230 | 7.7 | 450 | 15.0 | 670 | 22.3 |
占里村 Zhanli | 791 | 20 | 2.5 | 45 | 5.7 | 95 | 12.0 | 170 | 21.5 |
高仟村 Gaoqian | 1,607 | 60 | 3.7 | 140 | 8.7 | 190 | 11.8 | 320 | 19.9 |
总计 Total | 14,598 | 620 | 4.2 | 1,211 | 8.3 | 1,932 | 13.2 | 3,180 | 21.8 |
表5 主要侗族社区外出务工人数统计
Table 5 Investigation of migrant worker population in six main Dong villages
村寨 Village | 人口 Population | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | 外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | 外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | 外出人数 Migrant number | 百分比 % | ||
黄岗村 Huanggang | 1,200 | 30 | 2.5 | 56 | 4.7 | 77 | 6.4 | 110 | 9.2 |
坑洞村 Kengdong | 1,500 | 60 | 4.0 | 120 | 8.0 | 150 | 10.0 | 350 | 23.3 |
岩洞村 Yandong | 6,500 | 300 | 4.6 | 620 | 9.5 | 970 | 14.9 | 1,560 | 24.0 |
小黄村 Xiaohuang | 3,000 | 150 | 5.0 | 230 | 7.7 | 450 | 15.0 | 670 | 22.3 |
占里村 Zhanli | 791 | 20 | 2.5 | 45 | 5.7 | 95 | 12.0 | 170 | 21.5 |
高仟村 Gaoqian | 1,607 | 60 | 3.7 | 140 | 8.7 | 190 | 11.8 | 320 | 19.9 |
总计 Total | 14,598 | 620 | 4.2 | 1,211 | 8.3 | 1,932 | 13.2 | 3,180 | 21.8 |
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