生物多样性 ›› 1997, Vol. 05 ›› Issue (3): 190-196.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.1997031

所属专题: 青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

西部地区动物资源现状及持续发展对策

刘迺发,陈强   

  1. (兰州大学生物系,  兰州 730000)
  • 收稿日期:1996-02-14 修回日期:1997-01-30 出版日期:1997-08-20 发布日期:1997-08-20
  • 通讯作者: 陈强

The status of animal resources and the strategies for sustainable development in western China

Liu Naifa, Chen Qiang   

  1. Department of Biology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou  730000
  • Received:1996-02-14 Revised:1997-01-30 Online:1997-08-20 Published:1997-08-20
  • Contact: Chen Qiang

摘要:

中国西部地区包括陕西、 宁夏、 青海、 新疆、 西藏和内蒙古西部, 其总面积占国土总面积的46.52%,人口占全国总人口的8.33%。共有陆生脊椎动物1273种,占国内2414种的52.73%。其中:两栖类81种,占国内两栖类的28.52%;爬行类119种,占34.69%;鸟类781种,占62.83%;兽类292种,占53.66%。有259种仅分布在西部地区,占西部地区陆栖脊椎动物种数的20.35%,我国大型有蹄类几乎全部集中在西部地区。这里有国家保护的陆栖脊椎动物174种,占全国333种的52.25%; 我国特有鸟、兽54种,占国内特有鸟、兽的60.67%。西部地区丰富的动物资源蕴藏着巨大的经济价值、科学研究价值和生态效益。因环境破坏,乱捕滥猎,近一个世纪以来确知已有普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)、高鼻羚羊(Saiga tatarica)、虎(Panthera tigris)和灰冠鸦雀(Paradoxornis przewalskii)4个物种在西部地区消失。朱(Napponia nippon)已成为极危种类,大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)也已接近极危种的界限。一些主要经济动物种群数量逐年下降,马麝(Moschus sifanicus)和林麝(M. berezovskii)分别以年均8.97%和8.44%的速率下降(n=12)。马鹿(Cervus elaphus),白唇鹿(C. albirostris),野牦牛(Bos gruniens)、野驴(Asinus spp.)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)、藏羚(Pantholops hodgsoni)、岩羊(Psendois nayaur)、鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)等大中型有蹄类遭大肆捕杀。1963年以后得以休养生息正在恢复的动物资源再次遭到破坏。有的种类,如盘羊(Ovis ammon)、野骆驼(Camelus ferus)种群数量分别以年10.06%和10.89%的速率增加(n=16)。为达到持续利用的目的,本文提出六项持续发展对策:加强自然保护区建设、管理;建立各省、自治区自然保护基金;保护栖息环境;迁地保护珍稀濒危物种;人工复壮孤隔种群;提倡人工驯养野生经济动物;人为扩大某些珍稀和经济动物分布区。

Abstract

The western China includes Shaanxi,  Ningxia,  Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjing, Xizang and western part of Nei Monggol Autonomous Region. It makes up 46.5% of Chinese territory. The population in this region amounts to 8.33% of all the nation. There are rich animal resources in western China with great spatial heterogeneity in environment. There are 1273 species of terrestrial vertebrates, occupying 52.73% of 2414 species in China. Among them 81 species are amphibian, accounting for 28.52% of that in China, 119 species are reptiles, making up 34.69% of reptiles in China, 781 species are birds, amounting to 62.38% of birds in China and 292 species are mammal, accounting for 53.66% of mammal in China. 259 species, 20.55% of 1273 species , are only distributed in western China. Almost all large ungulates in China are encountered in western China. In western China 174 terrestrial vertebrate species, amounting to 52.25% of 333 species in whole China, are protected by law and 54 species of birds and beasts are endemic species. The animal resources in western China possess high values in economy, scientific researches and have significant ecological benefits. Because of environment destroying and excessive hunting, it has been known that  Equus przewalskii, Saiga tatarica, Panthera tigris and Paradoxornis przewalskii were extinguished in western China. Nipponia nippon has become an extremely endangered species,  Ailuropoda melanoleuca  and Procapra przewalskii  have been on the edge of extreme endangerment. The population density of some economic animals  decreased in western China, for example, Moschus sifanicus and M. berezovskii dropped by 8.97% and 8.44% on average respectively every year (n=12) in Gansu. Cervus elaphus, C.albiostris, Bos grunniens, Asinus spp. Procapra picticaudata, Pseudois nayaur and Gazellia subgutturosa are being hunted by gold diggers in Gansu and Qinhai. On the other hand, population density of some rare animals increased steadily in recent years as a result of protection. For example,Ovis ammon  and Camelus ferus increased by 10.06% and 10.89% respectively on average every year in Gansu.Six strategies for sustainable development of animal resource were suggested  in this paper: (1) strengthen organization and management of reserves; (2) establish protecting fund in each province and autonomous region; (3) protect the habitats of animals; (4) encourage to raise economic animals. (5) conserve rare species through in-situ and ex-situ conservation; (6) artificially enlarge distribution range of rare and economic animals.